Wednesday, November 13, 2019

Essays --

Television Producer Television producers have one of the most prominent and active roles within the industry; they play a part in each aspect of pre-production, production and post-production. A producer tends to be at the core of any contemporary television show, yet there are several different kinds of producer that are at the threshold. Within television, producers are highly involved in a wide variety of programming, such as dramas, reality shows, game shows, documentaries, sitcoms etc. Like with most media based roles, the ideal outcome for any producer, is a successful broadcast. Producers are the initiators of all projects. Their role deals with issues of creativity, finance and practicality; they must supervise an entire production and creative team. Yet, certain positions are headed by specific types of producer. For example, an 'Executive Producer' will likely be in charge of the finances, along with input on the script and ensuring all cast and crew are content. Yet, an executive producer can be claimed to have very little involvement in the technical side of the video making process, but is still responsible for the project. Typically, an executive producer handles business and legal issues. A regular 'Producer' will run every aspect of the production on a daily basis, because of this, they often duplicate roles and become directors and writers as well. Following this, an 'Associate Producer' will assist the 'Producer', whether that be a research position, coordinating staff, or taking on the 'Producer' role if he/she is otherwise incapable themselves. Many other roles on a television series, include a Line/Field Producer, which takes charge of 'on location' production and a Series Producer, who is responsible for ... ...background in media education is beneficial. However, previous experience within the industry is a requirement, whether it be as a runner, researcher, assistant producer etc; this experience can lead to employment in a more senior position. A strong producer will be creative, a strong financial head, leadership abilities, confidence, good communication skills and strong time and resource management. As long as television exists, so will a producer. Successful producers gain the audience's appreciation with originality, whilst appealing to the masses. They capture the audience's attention through a range of marketing campaigns and creatively successful shows themselves. However, Producer roles are dominated by men. In 2011, women comprised only 18% of all roles within the media industry. Albeit, networking, organisation and creativity are key to becoming a producer.

Sunday, November 10, 2019

Last Product Purchased Essay

Think for a moment about the last product you purchased. What was the product? What is the brand name of the product? How would you describe the customer for this product? What is the product’s closest brand competitor? Explain why you chose this brand rather than the competitor’s brand. How did the marketing for the product influence your purchase? The last product I purchased was my new car. It is a 2012 Chevrolet Malibu. The customer for this product would be a young adult to middle aged adult. The customer for this car wants a car that is smaller in size but one that also has plenty of room for at least 4 people. The closest brand to this car would be, in my opinion, the Pontiac G8. When I purchased my Malibu I went to test drive the G8. It was a 2011 and had only a few miles on it. It was traded in for a different car because the car was too small for the current owner. I loved the G8 and it was everything I wanted. It was only a couple thousand dollars less than the Malibu and the Malibu was brand new with only 20 miles on it. My husband is the one who really liked the Malibu and talked me into test driving it. Needless to say that is the car I choose. I chose this particular car because with the FREE extended warranty and the rebates on this car it turned out to be a cheaper car than the G8 but also a better car. Honestly the marketing on this car did not influence my opinion at all. I never thought about this specific car until at the dealership that day. When I purchased this car Chevrolet has awesome rebates and interest on their new vehicles. After my purchase I stared seeing, or paying attention, to the commercials on this car and I am positive I made the right decision. If I would have paid attention to the commercials on this car it would have been the car I chose anyway.

Friday, November 8, 2019

Essay Sample on Old Testament Stories

Essay Sample on Old Testament Stories The year of the fall of Samaria was approaching. Hoshea, son of Elah, was ruling over Israel. As most of the kings before him, Hoshea did evil in the eyes of the Lord. Therefore, God put curses on Samaria with the invasion of Assyria. All Israelites had to leave their land and move to Assyria. The king of Assyria took the complete power over the land of Israelites and brought people from Babylon, Cuthah, Avva, Hamath and Sepharvaim and settled them in the towns of Samaria to replace the Israelites (2 Kings 17:24). God did this because of Israel’s numerous sins. Israelites did not follow the book of Law written by Moses, but instead acted in opposite way. They worshipped other kings, had a lot of high places, where they burned incense, and even sacrificed their sons and daughters in the fire. God removed all Israel from his presence, but left only one tribe Judah, as he still was holding to the Covenant he made with David.MoreThis happened to be a warning to the tribe of Judah. Nevertheless, it was not enough for people to stop act against God. Although, Hezekiah, king of Judah, ruled right in the eyes of the Lord, just as his father David had done (2 Kings 18:3), removed all high places and even broke Moses Bronze Snake, to which people burned incense, Hezekiahs follower Manasseh made the most evil thing by rebuilding high places erecting altar to Baal and making an Asherah pole, and even sacrificing his own son in the fire. Therefore, this is what the Lord, the god of Israel says: I am going to bring such disaster on Jerusalem and Judah that the ears of everyone who hears of it will tangle (2 Kings 21:12). During the reign of Josiah, grandson of Manasseh, the Book of the Law was found by Hilkiah, the high priest. Josiah acted in accordance with the law during his life. However, all of his followers including Zedekiah, ignored Gods commandments, so in 586 B.C., Jerusalem was seized by Babylon and all people were made to flee to Egypt. These are the evens that took place at that time period and now we have to find reasons and explanation to these evens and their significance in the Bible. The book of Torah is the primary reason for writing a second edition of DH. This book was written by Moses on the scroll and placed next to the Ark. It was considered to be the Law Code, which people were obligated to carefully observe them with all your heart and with all your soul (Deuteronomy 26:16). One of the most important points in the book of Law was the centralization of worship. There did not have to be numerous places to worship, but only the one. â€Å"But you are to seek the place the Lord your God, will choose from among all your tribes to put his Name for his dwelling. (Deuteronomy 12:5) The book of the Law also contained special code of laws for kings. A king could not be a foreigner, must not acquire great numbers of horses, must not take many wives, and must not accumulate large amounts of silver and gold (Deuteronomy 15:17). However, practice did not comply with the law. Most of the kings until the reign of Josiah acted in the way totally different as it was said in the book. Besides the fact that king Solomon had seven hundred wives of royal birth and three hundred concubines (1 Kings 11:3), he was building a lot of high places to worship his wives gods. According to the Law, only Levite priests could perform sacrifices. This point of code was ignored either. For example, in 1 Kings 12:31, Jeroboam built shrines on high places and appointed priests from all sorts of people even though they were not Levites. Also, in 1 Samuel 1, we can observe Samuel who is non-Levite, worshipping the Lord in his house at Shiloh. The reason to this is the lost Book of the Law after Philistines capturing the ark. Davidic covenant was included in DH1. The God said to David though the prophet Nathan your house and your kingdom will endure forever before me; your throne will be established forever.† (2 Samuel 7:16) This covenant was treated as unconditional. However, as we can see, the actions of David’s followers led to eventual cancellation of the covenant. Davids son Solomon, who was predestinated to build of the house for Lord, did not behave as his father did. During his reign, he accumulated a great number of horses, silver and gold, had enormous number of wives and worshipped their gods. Because of his negative performance God decided to tear his kingdom away from him, however, leaving him a piece of land in order to keep to his promise to David. Further, troubles came upon Israel. Most kings of Israel were engaged in fighting, murder and worshipping other gods. As Jeroboam, you [Jeroboam] had done more evil than all who lived before you. You have made for yourself other gods , idols made of metal (1 Kings 14:9) Rehoboam, king of Judah, also did evil. He built high places, sacred stones, and Asherah poles everywhere. Asa, king of Judah was one of relatively good kings. â€Å"He expelled the male shrine prostitutes from the land and got rid of all idols his father has made. (1 Kings 15:12) However, he did not destroy the high places for sacrifices and worship. Both kings of Israel, Baasha and Elah did evil things, that is why, their whole family was killed because of their sins, as it was declared through the prophet Jehu. Ahab, king of Israel was one of the worst kings. Ahab also made an Asherah pole and did more to provoke the Lord, the God of Israel than did all the kings of Israel before him (1 Kings 16:33). Nevertheless, God decided not to put disaster on him but on his son as Ahab humbled himself before God. Jehoshaphat, king of Judah was one of the kings devoted to Lord, his God. But, anyway, he didn’t remove the high placed it was require d according to the law. Despite of the wrongdoings of the kings Jehoram, Ahaziah, Jehoahaz, Jehoash, Jeroboam II, Zechariah, Shallum, Pekah and others, God Was not willing to destroy Judah. He had promised to maintain a lamp for David and his descendants forever. (2 Kings 8:19) The kings Joash, Amaziah, Azariah, and Jotham, did what was right in the eyes of the Lord, but they never destroyed high places. Hoshea did more evil that his predicators, therefore God decided to curse Israel by taking away their land and putting them into exile. Hezekiah, king of Judah, was better than all those who preceded him. He is compared to King David. Hezekiah removed all high places and even broke the Bronze Snake, the sign of Moses. Nevertheless, his follower, turned everything the way it was before. He restored high places, built other places to worship and sacrificed his own son in the fire. He did much evil in the eyes of the Lord provoking Him to anger. (2 Kings 21:6) The most devoted and righ teous king was Josiah. In Deuteronomy 6:5 it is said Love the Lord your God with all your heart and with all your soul, and with all your strength. Of all the kings only Josiah did everything in accordance with the law. He is even compared to Moses. During Josiah’s reign there was the centralization of worship. He introduced the Law to all people and made them pledge to the renewed covenant. In my opinion, Jeremiah is the most probable author of Deuteronomist history. It was written in 622 B.C. during the reign of Josiah. Jeremiah was the son of Hilkiah, the high priest, who found the book of law. Shaphan was a secretary. Therefore, he decided to write DH1 to show why the kings of that period did not follow the law code and to prove the unconditional status of Davidic covenant. Jeremiah dictated the text to Baruck who scribed it. One more proof of Jeremiah’s authorship is the language used in the books of Jeremiah, Deuteronomy and 2 Kings. We can observe numerous similar verses in Deuteronomy and Jeremiah. For instances, in both Deuteronomy 10:16 and Jeremiah 4:4 it is said circumcise your hearts. In Deuteronomy 4:20 and Jeremiah 11:4 brought you out of iron-smelting furnace. Furthermore, there are numerous similarities in Deuteronomy and 2 Kings. As P author wrote in approximately, 700 B.C. Jeremiah was aware of him. P did not make restrictions about sacrifices i n one place; therefore he was not aware of the book of Law. Although, David was promised that there always be a king on his throne, 586 B.C. Jerusalem fell, and now there was no king on the throne. Jerusalem was captured by Babylon and people were put to exile. During this time, DH2 was written by Jeremiah and Baruch. They needed to find a reason for exile, therefore, after Josiah, there was a shift in focus of DH. Jeremiah revised what God said to David in the covenant with Solomon. God said to Solomon that if he would keep to all Gods commands and laws, be righteous and obedient, God would establish his throne forever. But if you or your sons turn away from me and do not observe the commands and decrees I have given you and go off to serve other gods and worship them, than I will cut off Israel from the land I have given them, and will reject this temple I have consecrated for my name. (1 Kings 9:6-7) Here we can see a reference to exile. As for Manasseh, in 2 Kings, he would never be forgiven for his terrible sins: For he had filled Jerusa lem with innocent blood and the Lord was not willing to forgive (2 Kings 24:4). However, in 2 Chronicles 23:13, when Manasseh prayed to God the Lord was moved by his entreaty and took him back to his kingdom. The purpose for including this verse in DH2 is to show that God does forgive his people.

Wednesday, November 6, 2019

Dolphin Facts

Dolphin Facts Dolphins (Odontoceti) are a group of 44 species of toothed whales or cetaceans. There are dolphins in every ocean on Earth, and there are freshwater species of dolphins that inhabit rivers in South Asian and South American. The largest dolphin species (the orca) grows to more than 30 feet long while the smallest, Hectors dolphin, is just 4.5 feet in length. Dolphins are well known for their intellect, their gregarious nature, and their acrobatic abilities. But there are many lesser-known qualities that make a dolphin a dolphin. Fast Facts: Dolphins Scientific Name: Odontoceti  Common Name: Dolphin (Note: This name refers to the group of 44 species classified as Odontoceti; each has its own scientific and common name.)Basic Animal Group:  MammalSize: 5 feet long to over 30 feet long, depending on the speciesWeight: Up to 6 tonsLifespan: Up to 60 years depending on the speciesDiet:  CarnivoreHabitat:  All oceans and some riversPopulation:  Varies per speciesConservation  Status:  Bottlenose dolphins are considered to be of Least Concern, while about 10 species of dolphins are listed as Severely Threatened.   Description Dolphins are small-toothed Cetaceans, a group of marine mammals that evolved from land mammals. They have developed numerous adaptations that make them well suited for life in water including a streamlined body, flippers, blowholes and a layer of blubber for insulation. Dolphins have curved beaks which means they appear to have permanent smiles. Dolphins evolved from land mammals whose legs were underneath their bodies. As a result, dolphins tails move up and down as they swim, whereas a fish’s tail moves from side to side. Dolphins, like all toothed whales, lack olfactory lobes and nerves. Because dolphins do not possess these anatomical features, they most likely have a poorly developed sense of smell. The snout of some oceanic dolphins is long and slender due to their elongated, prominent jaw bones. Within the dolphins elongated jaw bone sits numerous conical teeth (some species have as many as 130 teeth in each jaw). Species that have prominent beaks include, for example, Common Dolphin, Bottlenose Dolphin, Atlantic Humpbacked Dolphin, Tucuxi, Long-Snouted Spinner Dolphin, and numerous others. The forelimbs of a dolphin are anatomically equivalent to the forelimbs of other mammals (for example, they are analogous to arms in humans). But the bones within the forelimbs of dolphins have been shortened and made more rigid by supporting connective tissue. Pectoral flippers enable dolphins to steer and modulate their speed. The dorsal fin of a dolphin (located on the back of the dolphin) acts as a keel when the animal swims, giving the animal directional control and stability within the water. But not all dolphins have a dorsal fin. For example, the Northern Rightwhale Dolphins and the Southern Rightwhale Dolphins lack dorsal fins. Dolphins do not have prominent external ear openings. Their ear openings are small slits (located behind their eyes) which do not connect to the middle ear. Instead, scientists suggest that sound is conducted to the inner and middle ear by fat-lobes located within the lower jaw and by various bones within the skull. Tunatura/Getty Images Habitat and Distribution Dolphins live in all of the world’s seas and oceans; many inhabit coastal areas or areas with shallower water. While most dolphins prefer warmer tropical or temperate waters one species, the orca (sometimes called killer whale) lives in both the Arctic Ocean and the Antarctic Southern Ocean. Five dolphin species prefer fresh to salt water; these species inhabit rivers in South America and South Asia. Diet and Behavior Dolphins are carnivorous predators. They use their strong teeth to hold their prey, but then either swallow their prey whole tear it into small pieces. They are relatively light eaters; the bottlenose dolphin, for example, eats about 5 percent of its weight each day. Many species of dolphins migrate to find food. They consume a wide range of animals including fish, squid, crustaceans, shrimp, and octopus. The very large Orca dolphin may also eat marine mammals such as seals or marine birds such as penguins. Many dolphin species work as a group to herd or coral fish. They may also follow fishing vessels to enjoy the waste thrown overboard. Some species will also use their flukes to beat and stun their prey. Reproduction and Offspring Most dolphins become sexually mature at between 5 and 8 years old. Dolphins give birth to a single calf once every one to six years and then feed their babies milk through their nipples. Dolphin pregnancies range in length from 11 to 17 months. Location can make an impact on the gestation period. When a pregnant female is ready to deliver, she separates herself from the rest of the pod to a location near the waters surface. Dolphin calves are usually born tail first; at birth, calves are about 35–40 inches long and weigh between 23 and 65 pounds. The mother immediately brings her infant to the surface so it can breathe. Newborn calves look a bit different from their parents; they typically have dark skin with lighter bands which fade over time. Their fins are quite soft but harden very quickly. They can swim almost immediately, but do require the protection of the pod; in fact, young dolphins are typically nursed for the first two to three years of life and may stay with their mothers for up to eight years. Georgette Douwma/Getty Images   Species Dolphins are members of the order Cetacea, Suborder Odontoceti, Families Delphinidae, Iniidae, and Lipotidae. Within those families, there are 21 genera, 44 species, and several subspecies. The species of dolphins include: Genus: Delphinus Delphinus capensis (Long-beaked common dolphin)Delphinus delphis (Short-beaked common dolphin)Delphinus tropicalis. (Arabian common dolphin) Genus: Tursiops Tursiops truncatus (Common bottlenose dolphin)Tursiops aduncus (Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphin)Tursiops australis (Burrunan dolphin) Genus: Lissodelphis Lisodelphis borealis (Northern right whale dolphin)Lssodelphis peronii (Southern right whale dolphin) Genus: Sotalia Sotalia fluviatilis (Tucuxi)Sotalia guianensis (Guiana dolphin) Genus: Sousa Sousa chinensis (Indo-Pacific humpback dolphin)Subspecies:Sousa chinensis chinensis (Chinese white dolphin)Sousa chinensis plumbea (Indo-Pacific humpback dolphin)Sousa teuszii (Atlantic Humpback Dolphin)Sousa plumbea (Indian Humpback dolphin) Genus: Stenella Stenella frontalis (Atlantic spotted dolphin)Stenella clymene (Clymene dolphin)Stenella attenuata (Pantropical spotted dolphin)Stenella longirostris (Spinner dolphin)Stenella coeruleoalba (Striped dolphin) Genus: Steno Steno bredanensis (Rough-toothed dolphin) Genus: Cephalorhynchus Cephalorhynchus eutropia (Chilean dolphin)Cephalorhynchus commersonii (Commerson’s dolphin)Cephalorhynchus heavisidii (Heaviside’s Dolphin)Cephalorhynchus hectori (Hector’s dolphin) Genus: Grampus Grampus griseus (Risso’s dolphin) Genus: Lagenodelphis Lagenodelphis hosei (Fraser’s dolphin) Genus: Lagenorhynchus Lagenorhynchus acutus (Atlantic white-sided dolphin)Lagenorhynchus obscurus (Dusky dolphin)Lagenorhynchus cruciger (Hourglass dolphin)Lagenorhynchus obliquidens (Pacific white-sided dolphin)Lagenorhynchus australis (Peale’s dolphin)Lagenorhynchus albirostris (White-beaked dolphin) Genus: Peponocephala Peponocephala electra (Melon-headed whale) Genus: Orcaella Orcaella heinsohni (Australian snubfin dolphin)Orcaella brevirostris (Irrawaddy dolphin) Genus: Orcinus Orcinus orca (Orca- Killer Whale) Genus: Feresa Feresa attenuata (Pygmy killer whale) Genus: Pseudorca Pseudorca crassidens (False Killer whale) Genus: Globicephala Globicephala melas (Long-finned pilot whale)Globicephala macrorhynchus (Short-finned pilot whale) Superfamily: Platanistoidea Genus Inia, Family: Iniidae Inia geoffrensis. (Amazon river dolphin).Inia araguaiaensis (Araguaian river dolphin). Genus Lipotes, Family: Lipotidae Lipotes vexillifer (Baiji) Genus Pontoporia, Family: Pontoporiidae Pontoporia blainvillei (La Plata dolphin) Genus Platanista, family: Platanistidae Platanista gangetica (South Asian river dolphin)Subspecies:Platanista gangetica gangetica (Ganges river dolphin)Platanista gangetica minor (Indus river dolphin) Conservation Status The Baiji has suffered dramatic population declines over recent decades due to pollution and heavy industrial use of the Yangtze River. In 2006, a scientific expedition set out to locate any remaining Baiji but failed to find a single individual in the Yangtze. The species was declared functionally extinct. Dolphins and Humans Humans have long been fascinated with dolphins, but the relationship between humans and dolphins has been complex. Dolphins are the subject of stories, myths, and legends as well as great works of art. Because of their great intelligence, dolphins have been used for military exercises and therapeutic support. They are also often kept in captivity and trained to perform; in most cases, this practice is now considered to be cruel. Sources Dolphin Facts and Information, www.dolphins-world.com/.â€Å"Dolphins.†Ã‚  Dolphin Facts, 4 Apr. 2019, www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/mammals/group/dolphins/.NOAA. Dolphins Porpoises.†Ã‚  NOAA Fisheries, www.fisheries.noaa.gov/dolphins-porpoises.

Monday, November 4, 2019

Theory and Development-M1A2 Q2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Theory and Development-M1A2 Q2 - Essay Example In addition, firms realized that motivation contributes towards productivity and eventual profits because motivated employees possess satisfaction in their work. Besides, companies invest in motivation because satisfied employees are an ideal brand to a company. Motivational strategies of today stretch beyond monetary rewards. Modern organizations, however, ensure that employees attain monetary benefits that are commensurate to the responsibilities they handle. In addition, impressive pay is a key retention factor in a contemporary organization. Building a consultative environment is a way of making modern employees feel as a part of an organization (Gagne & Deci, 2005). Organizations currently invest in staff training as a way of making employees feel competent in their work. Besides, organizations establish autonomous human resource departments that ensure there is constant communication between the employees and management in an organization. Motivation continues to be a challenge to today’s organizations. Technology has altered the expectations of employees. This suggests that traditional methods of motivation have to adapt to technological attitudes of modern employees. In addition, intrinsic motivation is a current issue that challenges contemporary firms. In turn, organizations strive to create the environments that encourage intrinsic motivation (Michie & Gooty, 2005). Companies, therefore, have to ensure that employees engage in responsibilities that synchronize with their

Friday, November 1, 2019

Why the modern world is bad for your brain by Daniel J Levitin Essay - 220

Why the modern world is bad for your brain by Daniel J Levitin - Essay Example Levitin draws on the research and works of several Neuroscientists and Psychologists to break the myths of multitasking and explain the physical and mental effects of the modern obsession and addiction to technology. I think the arguments advanced by Levitin sound convincing in view of my personal experience, news reports and similar findings from research around the globe. Levitin argues comprehensively against multitasking to shatter the ‘illusion’ surrounding multitasking and to point out the eventuating mental and physical losses to the multitaskers. One interesting observation made by Levitin is that the chronic tendency to multitask deludes people into believing that they are accomplishing a lot in a short time but in reality divides their attention between too many things to make them less efficient, more stressed and lose their cognitive abilities. Using research evidence, Levitin explains that switching between tasks stimulates the production of stress-related h ormones resulting in clouded thinking, anxiety, depleted concentration. The ultimate outcome is a temporary pleasure but permanent loss of efficiency and cognitive skills, according to Levitin. I find this argument compelling because of my urge to multitask. When I am doing a reading for an assignment, for example, simultaneously I check and respond to emails, instant messenger, answering my phone, and sometimes listening to my favorite music too. If I find myself at times at a student computer lab where I may not have access to my personal email or music, or not allowed to use mobile phone, I frequently get distracted by the thought that I am doing too little when there is a lot to do. As a result, I become anxious for no reason, as just the very thought of missing out on doing several things at once makes me feel stressed.  

Wednesday, October 30, 2019

Organizational Change Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Organizational Change - Assignment Example Company Overview: R.R. Donnelley, one of the largest printing companies in the world, is based in the United States of America. The company, which is listed in the NASDAQ: RRD, is regarded as the global provider of different integrated communications as well as printing services. The company is working collaboratively and collectively with more than almost 60,000 customers across the world for the purpose of developing different solutions in respect to custom communications. These solutions are reducing costs of the production of the company, driving top line growth in favor of the company and also are enhancing research and development and are also ensuring observance. Drawing on the range of proprietary as well as commercially accessible digital and different conventional technologies organized across four continents, R.R. Donnelley & Sons employs a group of leading â€Å"Internet based capabilities† as well as other resources. These resources are applied for the purpose of providing â€Å"pre-media, printing, logistics and business process outsourcing services† to different clients in practically every private as well as public sector around the world (About Us, 2012). Diagnosis: There are various needs or requirements for organizational changes which are conducted in different business organizations across the globe. One of the most important factors which emerge as constant in different business organizations today is organizational change. Undeniably, the organization’s ability or capacity to deal with different changes gives the company a competitive advantage in the market. Organizational learning and changes have been identified as one of the most significant methods for making certain the success of different continual changes made in organizations. Researchers, however, do not deal with various emotional implications in respect to the changes which are made in various business organizations across the globe. Large number of resea rchers, in their articles, has shown the advancements in regard to the proposal that organizational changes are inherently emotional as well as produce wide ranges of emotions and/or feelings in individuals and in organizations during these organizational change which require micro-level as well as macro-level management. Large number of researchers has also pointed out the emotional aspects in respect to dealing with these organizational changes. In general, these researchers have identified the fact that emotional consequences of those organizational changes, however, there exists small research available, which identifies the fact that emotional skills are needed to successfully manage these organizational changes (Jordon, n.d., 456). Organizational changes which are required by the company R.R. Donnelley are mainly related to those organizational changes which are made for the overall improvement of the organization. These changes are required to be made on the ground of the fac t that the business organization is needed to be made more and more effective in respect to developments of the working environments and also in respect to the overall growth of the organization. In this context the changes are needed because Understanding the degree of staff commitment is expected to assist the business organization under consideration in selecting the most efficient working force