Energy crisis - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 32 Words: 9476 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? ntroducton vr nc th nrgy cr, whn dgtl control (thn clld MC for nrgy mngmnt nd control ytm) wr uncrmonouly uhrd nto wdprd u for HVC control, th ndutry h trd to mk thm look nd ct lk th pnumtc control thy hv uprdd. Only occonlly r om of th profoundly xpndd opportunt vlbl wth dgtl control ppld ffctvly. Furthrmor, trm lk rt chdul nd drct ctng, rlvnt only to pnumtc ytm, r tll commonly mployd n wht now th dgtl control r. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Energy crisis" essay for you Create order Whl th proc of trnton to dgtl control tchnolog tolrt th mxd bg, multtud of nw dmnd r rqurng our ndutry to mov hd nd rlz th full potntl of dgtl control tchnolog. Buldng occupnt r dmndng mor comfortbl nd hghr qulty nvronmnt. Buldng ownr contnu to pr for grtr conom n contructon, oprton, nd mntnnc. Fnlly, vrty of prur r upon u to provd mor prc control nd documntton tht tndrd for tmprtur, vntlton, nd ndoor r qulty r bng mt. n th rtcl, wll dcu how DDC tchnolog prmt nw flxblty n th trdtonl rul concrnng th nd for lnr gnl nd rpon wth nput nd output dvc. Whn proprly ppld, th nw flxblty cn rduc th cot of DDC tchnolog. Nxt month, wll how how, by combnng th fundmntl wth mrgng ntr mnufcturr control ntgrton, dgnr cn chv nw horzon n prformnc nd nrgy ffcncy. HVC Control ytm HVC control ytm computrzd ytm for clmt control n buldng. HVC tnd for humdty, vntlton , r-condtonng. Oftn, th ntgrt fr, curty, nd lghtng control nto on ytm. Th ytm typclly u on or mor cntrl controllr to commnd nd montor th rmot trmnl unt controllr, nd thy communct wth on or mor pronl computr tht r ud th oprtor ntrfc. Th control ytm r typclly ud on lrg commrcl nd ndutrl buldng to llow cntrl control of mny HVC unt round th buldng(). Th ltt ytm u th buldng thrnt for communcton btwn cntrl controllr, nd llow oprtor cc from wb browr. Drct Dgtl Control Cntrl controllr nd mot trmnl unt controllr r progrmmbl, mnng th drct dgtl control progrm cod my b cutomzd for th ntndd u. Th progrm ftur nclud tm chdul, tpont, controllr, logc, tmr, trnd log, nd lrm. Th unt controllr typclly hv nlog nd dgtl nput, tht llow murmnt of th vrbl (tmprtur, humdty, or prur) nd nlog nd dgtl output for control of th mdum (hot/cold wtr nd/or tm). Dgtl nput r typclly (dry) contct from control dvc, nd nlog nput r typclly voltg or currnt murmnt from vrbl (tmprtur, humdty, vlocty, or prur) nng dvc. Dgtl output r typclly rly contct ud to trt nd top qupmnt, nd nlog output r typclly voltg or currnt gnl to control th movmnt of th mdum (r/wtr/tm) control dvc.(Vlv/dmpr/motor pd) t w only nturl tht th frt HVC controllr would b pnumtc, th ngnr undrtood flud control. Thu mchncl ngnr could u thr xprnc wth th proprt of tm nd r to control th flow of htd or coold r. To th dy, thr pnumtc HVC qupmnt n oprton, whch cn b cntury old, n om buldng, uch chool nd offc. ftr th control of r flow nd tmprtur w tndrdzd, th u of lctromchncl rly n lddr logc, to wtch dmpr bcm tndrdzd. vntully, th rly bcm lctronc wtch, trntor vntully could hndl grtr currnt lod. By 1985, pnumtc control could no longr compt wth th nw tchnology. By th yr 2000, computrzd controllr wr common. Tody, om of th controllr cn vn b ccd by wb browr, whch nd no longr b n th m buldng th HVC qupmnt. Th llow om conom of cl, ngl oprton cntr cn ly montor thound of buldng. Why Lnr Dvc? Whn pnumtc control domntd our ndutry, buldng ownr pd hgh prc for modult n g l o o p p r f o r m n c n d tblty. On of th prc pd w th rqurmnt tht nput nd output dvc b lnr wth rpct to th ytm vrbl thy nd or controlld. Th nd for lnr rpon w ntl to mtch th lmtd control cpblt of pnumtc controllr. numbr of rul nd convnton wr tblhd wthn our ndutry tht md chvng th lnr rpon rqurmnt r. mong th wr th dvlopmnt of th qul prcntg vlv, whch ncludd th mngly bckwrd rul of thumb tht clld for zng control vlv mllr thn th pp z. mlrly, mchncl nng dvc wr contructd to provd lnr chng n control r prur ovr thr ntr nng rng. Whl th convnton nd rul of thumb rvd th dy of pnumtc, thy now nd to b rthought. Rqurng wht cll xtrnl lnrzton n dgtl control dgn dd cot n two wy. Lnr dvc r oftn mor xpnv thn nonlnr dvc tht my offr mprovd lvl of prformnc n DDC pplcton. Furthr, lnr output convnton, uch dgnng hgh prur drop through vlv or dmpr, crry ubtntl contnuou oprtng nrgy pnlty. By dvlopng nw rul nd convnton, th knowldgbl dgnr cn produc dgn tht hv lowr frt nd oprtng cot nd my oprt mor rlbly wll. Lnr Dvc n th DDC r Th nd for lnr rpon n modultng control loop h not bn lmntd by th ntroducton of dgtl control. Whl dgtl control offr mprovd modultng control cpblt, ncludng proportonl/ntgrl/drvtv (PD) controllr, th control loop contnu to b bd on th prncpl of lnr rpon, t lt ovr crtn rng. Howvr, n mot typcl pplcton, dgtl control cn ly ntrnlly lnrz both nput gnl nd output control functon. ntrnl Lnrzton of nput On wy to rduc th cot of om DDC confgurton to prmt nonlnr nput dvc nd u th DDC ytm for clng to chv th corrct rdng ovr th rng rqurd for th pplcton. contnu to DDC pcfcton tht lmt th lcton of nput dvc to tho tht provd lnr gnl to th DDC ytm ovr wd rng of vlu. xcpt n pcl c, th n unncry rqurmnt tht dd cot nd my cu othr problm. Condr tmprtur nor. Fg. 1 how rtnc curv for n nxpnv thrmtor typ tmprtur nor tht my b mployd for room tmprtur nng. Thrmtor r xcllnt choc for HVC pplcton. Thy r nxpnv, hv xcllnt ccurcy nd vry low hytr, nd rpond quckly to tmprtur chng. Furthrmor, t tmprtur normlly nvolvd n HVC pplcton, thrmtor hv xcllnt long-trm tblty (om cr hould b tkn n choong thrmtor whn tmprtur my r bov 240 F). Fnlly, bcu thrmtor r typclly hgh rtnc (10,000 ohm typcl), thy r not ffctd by vrton n wrng dtnc. Howvr, om dgnr contnu to xclud thrmtor bcu th nput gnl not lnr wth tmprtur ovr wd tmprtur rng. ntd, low mpdnc RTD typ nor r oftn pcfd. Th typ of nor typclly rqur n lctrc crcut t th nor tht lnrz nd trnmt th gnl n wy tht t wll not b ffctd by wrng rtnc (uully currnt loop gnl ud). mployng low rtnc RTD nor wth ddtonl lctronc prnt numbr of potntl problm n DDC pplcton. Frt th mttr of ccurcy. Whl th RTD nor thmlv provd xcllnt ccurcy, t not uncommon to fnd nd-tond ccurc ( u nd-to-nd th compron of th vlu rd by prcon thrmomtr t th dvc comprd wth th ctul rdng t th DDC ytm oprtor trmnl) out of tolrnc. Clbrton of th currnt loop nput my b mor dffcult thn tht of mpl rtnc typ thrmtor. Othr potntl problm wth RTD rng from th ddtonl lctronc (uully loctd t th dvc) tht my complct rlblty u ll th wy to how th nor curv 2 Nonlnr nor rtnc curv. Th nor prformnc curv mooth curv ovr th nor oprtng prur. Th DDC lnrzd curv r of trght ln tht cloly pproxmt th nor prformnc nor nd lctronc r confgurd, whch on occon h bn found to ffct dvrly th nor gnl. Tbl functon tht r now rdly vlbl wth DDC product cn b mployd to cl thrmtor nd othr nonlnr dvc ovr wd rng of vlu. Fg. 2 how how DDC ytm cn lnrz contnuou, nonlnr nor nput curv wth tbl functon. numbr of trght ln curv r tblhd n th tbl functon to pproxmt cloly th nonlnr functon of th dvc. long mpl, nxpnv dvc cn mt th rptblty, hytr, nd tblty rqurmnt for n HVC pplcton, uch dvc hould not b rjctd bcu thr gnl r not lnr. Rqurmnt of Lnr Output Onc t undrtood tht nput dvc nd not b lnr, t not grt lp to rcognz tht th rpon from output dvc controlld by nlog output mlrly nd not b lnr. Howvr, th u hr r mor complx nd mor ngrnd n th rul of thumb tht ngnr frquntly pply utomtclly, o om ndpth dcuon rqurd. Bcu of th pnumtc bckground, vlv dgn mnul commonly tr th nd to lct col/vlv combnton for whch qul ncrmnt n vlv poton wll ffct qul ncrmnt n ht trnfr of typcl htng or coolng col throughout th trok of th vlv ctutor. Fg. 3 how how trdtonl dgn prctc k to lnrz th ovrll prformnc of vlv nd coolng col. Crfully lctng col nd vlv combnton cn provd nrly lnr prformnc ovr th ntr rng of lod poblt. uch lcton don bcu t umd tht th vlv wll b oprtd by controllr wth fxd proportonl gn. Though th dgn prncpl tll wdly mployd, t no longr pplcbl n mny modrn HVC pplcton. n VV coolng col pplcton, th vrton of r flow nd r/chlld wtr tmprtur chrctrtc ct to chng dynmclly th ht trnfr chrctrtc of th vlv/col rrngmnt th prmtr chng. Th mk t vry dffcult to lct vlv/col combnton tht wll b lnr through th vrty of condton tht my ccompny t oprton. Th hghr prformnc of DDC ytm prmt dgnr much grtr flxblty n th dgn of modultng control wthout tblhng ttc (nd thrfor unrltc) dgn crtr. Fg. 4 how vlv nd col combnton tht do not provd lnr rpon of vlv poton to col cpcty. Howvr, modrn DDC ytm prmt clng tbl to b ppld to nlog output wll th nput. Output clng prmt n nhrntly nonlnr dvc combnton to rpond n lnr fhon to gnl from th DDC ytm. n th xmpl, th vlv nd col combnton provd bout 70 prcnt of th dgn coolng cpcty t bout 20 prcnt vlv trvl. Th DDC output to th vlv cn b djutd wth th clng tbl to poton th vlv t 20 prcnt trvl t 70 prcnt output gnl from th DDC ytm. Th clng fctor llow tndrd PD control to oprt th vlv ffctvly bcu of oftwr lnrzton of th vlv/col combnton. Howvr, th chlld wtr flow nd ht trnfr prformnc umd for Fg. 4 vld only for contnt lod-d flow nd nlt tmprtur nd for contnt chlld wtr upply tmprtur. Whthr nhrnt n th ytm dgn or for optmzton ron, rrly n rl HVC pplcton do th othr vrbl rmn contnt control loop oprt. prvouly dcud, th u of lnr output combnton h thrfor bn only wkly rolvd n th pt by ttmptng to lnrz componnt t on t of ytm condton. Obtnng good control ovr wd rng of ytm condton cn b rolvd fr mor compltly nd ffctvly wth th hghr prformnc cpblt of DDC ytm. Th proportonl, ntgrl, nd drvtv gn cn b td to lgorthm tht djut thr vlu th vrbl uch lod-d flow, tmprtur, nd chlld wtr tmprtur chng. vn mor mprv th mrgnc of lf-tunng controllr. Th controllr contnully r-tblh th vrou gn octd wth control loop to provd contnuouly prc control wthout huntng. Th bnft of lf-tunng r pclly mportnt bcu vrbl byond th mmdt control loop cn hv profound nd wdly vryng ffct on ch control loop. lf-tunng ftur r bcomng wdly vlbl wth DDC ytm nd r normouly ffctv n djutng control loop to contnu tbl oprton othr ytm vrbl chng. Controllblty prvouly dcud, lctng qupmnt for lnr rpon hould not b n ovrrdng condrton for dgnr n th r of dgtl control. Howvr, th do not mn dgnr cn b mprc n thr dgn or n th lcton of control loop componnt. Th u of controllblty on tht wll contnu to ply promnnt rol both n th dgn of ytm nd th lcton of ndvdul componnt. Controllblty rmn lrgly zng u. f vlv ovrzd for gvn condton uch tht th mllt ncrmnt pobl from th control loop wll ubtntlly ovrhoot th drd control condton, th loop h bcom uncontrollbl. Th problm tht typclly mrg durng prod of low lod. Fully undrtndng th u of controllblty nd pplyng DDC cpblt corrctly llow dgnr to olv uch problm nd t th m tm vtly mprov th ffcncy nd prformnc of th ytm. lctng control vlv wth lowr prur drop wll rduc th pumpng powr rqurd to mt th lod condton. Trdtonl prctc trongly condmn th d of mployng lrg vlv wth lowr prur drop bcu of th nonlnr rpon nd th lck of controllblty t low lod. Fg. 5 llutrt th dlmm. Th vlv/col combnton wth Vlv my b lctd ccordng to trdtonl dgn prctc bcu t ronbly controllbl t low lod. Th vrtcl x ntrcpt rprnt th mllt ncrmntl coolng trnfr pobl th vlv crckd opn. Not tht t mll-only bout 10 prcnt of th dgn mxmum coolng rt. Th col combnton wth Vlv B h much lowr prur drop bcu Vlv B lrgr z vlv. Whl vlv/col Combnton B would rqur l pumpng powr, th Y-x ntrcpt much hghr thn tht for Combnton . Trdtonl dgn crtr typclly dclr Vlv B unutbl for th pplcton bcu t uncontrollbl t lowr lod nd th vlv poton/ coolng cpcty rltonhp nonlnr. But whn t ntgrtd wth hgh-prformnc control ytm tht cn djut both th chlld wtr tmprtur nd th loop hd prur, wll lnrty nd controllblty of Combnton B rlly b problm? ytm Dynmc To how th quton cn b nwrd, condr th grph n Fg. 6 nd 7. Fg. 6 how th oprton curv for vlv/col Combnton B t numbr of dffrnt pproch (chlld wtr upply l r tmprtur lvng col) tmprtur condton. t clr tht ncrng th chlld wtr tmprtur rltv to th lvng r tmprtur mrkdly mprov th controllblty t low lod. mlrly, Fg. 7 llutrt tht th dcr n prur cro th vlv/col combnton lo mprov th controllblty t low lod. Dgnr cn u th rltonhp to rduc ubtntlly th problm of controllblty. t prod of unform low lod, th DDC ytm cn rduc th hd prur cro vlv nd ncr th chlld wtr tmprtur to mprov controllblty. f ll vlv on common chlld wtr loop xprnc mlr dcr n lod concurrntly, typcl n mny HVC pplcton, th prmtr djutmnt grt hlp n mprovng controllblty t low lod. t pprnt from th two fgur tht lrgr rngblty nd low lod controllblty r chvd by controllng th chlld wtr tmprtur for lod djutmnt. Rng th chlld wtr tmprtur provd bonu of chllr ffcncy ncr, but chlld wtr djutmnt rduc pumpng vng bcu hghr chlld wtr tmprtur ncr th wtr flow ncry to mt lod. ddtonlly, undr crtn crcumtnc dhumdfcton rqurmnt my lmt th prmbl chlld wtr djutmnt. xplotng th ntgrtd control cpblt of DDC ytm nd controllng chlld wtr tmprtur nd hydronc loop prur n coordnton wth th control vlv llow vlv/col Combnton B to prform vry wll n mny HVC pplcton. Nxt month w wll focu on th lvl of ntgrton rqurd to mk vlv/col Confgurton B oprt ffctvly. W wll dcu ntgrtng th oprton of th vrou qupmnt nvolvd n provdng comfort, pobl now through th ndutry mov to provd communcton brdg mong mnufcturr. By concntrtng on lctng th mot cotffctv nput/output dvc nd by utlzng th mrgng communcton pthwy btwn qupmnt from vrou upplr, w wll tht nw horzon of prformnc nd nrgy ffcncy cn b ttnd wth mpl nd conomcl control confgurton. Dgnr mut xplot th bnft of hghr prformng DDC ytm to dvlop n undrtndng of th fundmntl of ntrfcng hrdwr pont to DDC ytm. n o dong, mor n-dpth look nto totl ytm oprton mut b vlutd bfor oluton r lctd. mply followng trdtonl rul of thumb rgrdng lnr nput nd output dvc poor dgn prctc n th dgtl control r. DDC nd mll nd Mdum z Buldng Th control of htng, vntltng nd r-condtonng (HVC) ytm chngng rult of pplyng drct dgtl control (DDC) tchnqu to HVC control. Th rport outln th mn ftur of DDC comprd wth convntonl pnumtc control nd how tht, for mll-to-mdum-z buldng, th DDC ytm cn py for tlf wthn two yr, ftr whch t ffct nt vng ovr pnumtc ytm. Compron btwn Pnumtc Control nd DDC Drct dgtl control of HVC ytm th drct montorng of vry ytm nput (tmprtur, flow, prur) nd drct control of vry ytm output (poton, onlff) from cntrl controllr whch ngl computr or combnton of computr. DDC mpl concpt, but t gnfcnc not obvou untl t comprd wth trdtonl form of HVC control. Trdtonlly, th control of HVC ytm w bd on ndpndnt pnumtc controllr, whch ud comprd r t o oprt th dmpr nd vlv ctutor t o control pc condton uch tmprtur, humdty nd frh-r crculton. On buldng would hv vrl uch ytm, whch wr controlld ndpndntly. For xmpl, n r-hndlng ytm compod of two fn, thr dmpr nd thr vlv (Fgur 1) would b controlld by locl pnumtc controllr whch oprtd ndpndnt unt. ch controllr hd mpl tk: to mntn contnt t pont (for xmpl, upply r tmprtur) by montorng nd controllng vry l m t d numbr of vrbl connctd to t by mn of comprd r ln who prur rprntd th vlu of th vrbl. Th control w djutd mchnclly by tchncn n th fld, nd, clbrton of th pnumtc componnt w rrly crrd out, th ytm oftn dd not control th buldng ffcntly. Bcu th pnumtc controllr wr purly lctromchncl dvc, thr ophtcton nd ccurcy of control wr xtrmly lmtd. ltr vrnt (of pnumtc control) lo mployd pnumtc cntrl, but w t h th ddton of computr ytm. Th comput ytm montord om ddtonl pont (for xmpl, pc tmprtur) nd thr clcultd nw t pont for ch pnumtc controllr or llowd n oprtor t computr trmnl to trnmt mnul t pont to th pnumtc controllr. lthough th nwr vrnt dd th buldng mngr by provdng mor nformton bout buldng condton nd prformnc, ovrll ffctv control of th buldng w tll compromd by th locl pnumtc controllr. ch controlld pont w tll oprtd by pnumtc controllr wth vry lmtd ophtcton nd vrtully no flxblty. Th lmtton bcm mor mportnt wy to mng nrgy bcm mor ophtctd, om WC ytm, uch vrbl r volum (VV) ytm, rqurd n ccurcy of control not ttnbl n mot c by pnumtc controllr. rult, buldng nrgy mngr wr frutrtd by thr nblty to mprov th control trtg wthout rbuldng th pnumtc control ytm for ch chng. DDC h olvd both problm;. ntd of ndpndnt locl pnumtc controllr, DDC u control or montorng pont, ch connctd to computr (or ntrconnctd computr) whch rd th vlu of ch nput nd trnmt commnd to ch output (Fgur 2). Th control trtg r mplmntd by computr progrm, whch cn b chngd by th oprtor t wll. lo, ch trtgy h vlbl to t th vlu of vry ytm nput ntd of vry l m t d locl t. n hort, undr th DDC concpt, th ntr buldng oprt on ntgrtd ytm rthr thn ndpndnt rrrll ytm. Four mn rult ccru: Control cn b mpl or ophtctd drd, nd cn b chngd ly; Th ytm mor rlbl bcu fwr lctromchncl componnt r ndd; Control mor ccurt bcu of th nhrnt grtr ccurcy of DDC lctronc componnt; nd nrgy vd bcu n ovrll trtgy lmnt nrgy wt rultng from multnou htng nd coolng, whch uully occur n pnumtc ytm. Th blty of DDC to ccommodt vrtully ny control trtgy h hd drmtc mpct on mchncl dgn. om nw mchncl ytm cn oprt n mny dffrnt mod, dpndng on xtrnl condton, pc tmprtur, on, condton of torg tnk, nd utlty-prcng tructur. DDC llow uch ytm to b oprtd contnuouly n thr optmum mod, tndrd whch mply cnnot b ttnd by ordnry pnumtc ytm or vn pnumtc ytm wth computr montorng. Conquntly, mchncl dgnr r now fr to d g n th bt nrgy ytm for prtculr buldng wth th urnc tht whtvr control trtg thy pcfy cn b crrd out. ch loop t th rmot procor cn ctvt tlf ndpndnt of th othr; howvr, th mot ffcnt u of nrgy chvd by controllng ll th loop through th cntrl procor. chdulng r-condtonng nd htng lod nd lctvly droppng lctrcl lod f th totl buldng powr pproch th dmnd lmt r two common nrgy optmzton ftur vlbl. Othr ftur, uch optml top/trt, whch clcult th optmum trtng nd toppng tm of htng/coolng unt to prpr pc for occupncy wthout wtng nrgy, r lo ud prt of n ovr-ll trtgy. Mot of th optmzton routn do not rqur ny ddtonl hrdwr nc thy r mplmntd by mply ddng progrm tht n xtng nput nd chng th trtgy for controllng xtng output ctutor. Th buldng ownr or mngr who u DDC ffctvly nd fdbck to vlut h trtg for optmzng buldng prformnc. DDC mplf th proc bcu t contnully montor ch nput drctly nd h torg cpcty to kp fl of th htorcl dt thu obtnd. Th htorcl dt cn b plottd n color on TV crn or ummrzd nd prntd n rport formt for mngmnt rvw. Th mot dvncd DDC ytm (Fgur 3) nclud gnrlzd rport gnrtor whch cn produc n typ of rport t ny tm rthr thn lmt th ur to th rport nggd whn th ytm w procurd* Th ftur of DDC prtculrly mportnt nc th ownr powr to chng h nrgy trtgy gnrlly crt nd for nw rport on nrgy-ntv r dntfd by contnud u of th ytm. n ncllry bnft th blty of th DDG ytm to nclud fclt othr thn WC. Wth lttl ncr n cot, fctor uch control of curty nd lghtng cn b ddd to th ytm, thrby nblng grtr nrgy vng nd lmntng th nd to purch prt ytm for bdg rdng nd door-lock control. Thr no doubt tht DDC offr mor ffctv nrgy mngmnt thn convntonl control but, untl vry rcntly, t pplcton to HVC ntllton h bn lmtd to lrg buldng complx. Mny mll- nd mdum z buldng ntllton do not u DDC mnly bcu of t hgh cot. n th followng cton typcl mll buldng nlyzd nd DDC comprd wth pnumtc control on cot nd pybck b. mll Buldng ytm Th cot of n HVC control ntllton gnrlly rltd to th numbr of pont t o b montord or controlld, whr ch pont dfnd n nlog or dgtl nput (.g., tmprtur nor, fn ttu wtch) or nlog or dgtl output (.g. dmpr poton or pump on/off control. ch buldng ytm, uch r hndlng, domtc hot wtr, or chlld wtr, nclud crtn numbr of pont. rcnt tudy whch ncludd dtld nly of r of buldng HVC ytm, howd tht mll- to mdum-z buldng of bout 37,175 m2 (400,000 q. ft .) would contn bout 180 pont, of whch 35% would b nlog nput, 19% nlog output, 25% dgtl nput nd 21% dgtl output. lthough dffrnt buldng confgurton nd mchncl dgn would ffct th dtrbuton of pont typ, th totl numbr of pont for buldng of th z would uully b clo to 180. Dgnng DDC ytm Gvn th buldng lyout nd th numbr of pont n HVC qupmnt, th ngl grtt dgn trd-off tht btwn cntrlzton nd dtrbuton of computr powr. t th fully cntrlzd xtrm ngl cntrl computr control ll functon drctly nd ll pont r wrd to t. t th othr xtrm (fully dtrbutd), mllr cntrl computr connctd t o myrd of othr mll computr, ch of whch wrd to 10 to 20 nrby pont, n th cond ntnc th cntrl mchn prd vr th whol ytm nd control th pont through th ntrmdry of th rmot procor. ch rmot procor cn control ngl HVC ytm (.g. r-hndlng unt, chllr) ndpndntly. mdn pproch to mploy modrt numbr of rmot unt ch of whch wrd to 50 t o 120 pont. lthough ll th pproch utlz th bnft of DDC, th thr lvl of cntrlzton/dtrbuton nvolv thr fctor tht mut b wghd gnt on nothr. Th frt fctor th cot of computr hrdwr. Th fully-cntrlzd pproch mploy ngl procor, whch th lt xpnv nc t combn ll th computng powr n on plc w t h on nclour nd no duplcton of functon. Th fully-dtrbutd pproch rqur th hvt cptl cot for computr hrdwr. Th cond fctor lctrcl ntllton cot. Th fully dtrbutd rrngmnt yld th lowt ntllton cot bcu ch rmot procor cn b loctd vry clo to t pont nd thu wrng run r hort. Th fully-cntrlzd rrngmnt my b qut xpnv unl ll pont r n on mchncl room. Th mdn rrngmnt (Fgur 4) my b th mot conomcl ovr-ll bcu four rmot procor cn b ud, on n pnthou, on n om othr logcl locton uch bmnt mchncl room, nd othr on vrou floor of th buldng. Th thrd fctor rlblty. Th fully-cntrlzd chm mot ntv to flur nc flur of th ngl computr cu th ntr ytm to fl. lthough th ytm cn b md to fl fly, ytm flur nconvnnt. Th fully-dtrbutd chm lt ntv nc ny componnt computr cn fl whl tll lvng ll th othr runnng, but, prvouly mntond, th cot of th computng qupmnt hght. mdn pproch for mll buldng mk good n; comprom on ll fctor tblhd by dgnng ytm contng of cntrl computr nd four rmot unt. Cot nly: DDC vru Pnumtc Control Th ntlld cot of DDC ytm h trdtonlly bn hghr thn for pnumtc y tn, pclly n mll ntllton, whr th cot of th DDC control procor prd ovr fwr pont. Th cot of pnumtc ytm tnd to r lnrly wth th numbr of pont, lrg ytm rqur mor ndpndnt locl controllr, whr wth DDC cntrl procor rqurd vn f o r ytm wth vry fw pont. Howvr, th rpdly fllng cot of computng hrdwr h rodd th htorcl prc dffrnc btwn DDC nd pnumtc ntllton. For pcfc buldng of 37,175 m2 (400,000 q. ft.), th ntlld cot of pnumtc ytm bout 75% of th cot of DDC ytm lthough th ntl cot of DDC ytm hghr thn for pnumtc ytm, t cn b rcovrd n urprngly hort tm . t rltc to um tht DDC ytm wll yld 10X% nrgy vng ovr nd bov convntonl pnumtc control, du mply to t mor ccurt nd ophtctd control, nd t o t blty to provd th buldng ownr wth nformton bout buldng prformnc nd r whr nrgy hould b bttr controlld. Ftur uch lod hd nd flxbl chdulng lon wll produc lrg nrgy vng, nd th vng wll ncr th ownr bcom mor fmlr wth th oprton of th buldng. f w um yrly mntnnc cot of $12,000 nd $10,000 for th DDC nd pnumtc ytm rpctvly, nd n nrgy ug of 322 quvlnt kWh/m2/yr. (30 kWh/q.ft./yr.) t $0.0275 pr kWh for both ytm, t wll tk 1.4 yr mor for th DDC to py f o r tlf thn t wll for th pnumtc ytm whn ud n th buldng undr condrton. ftr tht tm th DDC ytm wll v mony comprd wth th pnumtc control. nothr mpl clculton how tht for thr-yr pybck th DDC nrgy vng nd b only 5.7%, n ly ttnbl fgur. Concluon Drct dgtl control now cot compttv w t h pnumtc control for WC control n mll- to mdum-z buldng. Gvn th othr dvntg of DDC, prtculrly t blty t o ccommodt chng to control trtgy nd to provd dtld rport of buldng prformnc, DDC hould bcom th domnnt tchnology for buldng n th z rng. ddtonl dvlopmnt ndd to lowr th ct furthr. n th xmpl prntd n th ppr, ntrumntton th hght n g l cot, lrgly bcu ll pcfd ntrumntton ndutrl grd. Th dvlopmnt of commrcl-grd nor nd ctutor, prtculrly ll-lctronc typ, whch would obvt th nd f o r n ntrumnt r upply, wll contrbut grtly to th ccptnc of DDC. cond r of dvlopmnt l n dvng computr progrm for th cntrl nd rmot computr. nrgy mngr dmnd mor ophtcton nd th lbor cot for cutom dvlopmnt r, comprhnv nd flxbl oftwr pckg wll domnt th DDC/HVC mrkt.

Sociological Factors Of Society s Behavior Essay

This paper will attempt to analyze sociological factors, which explain societies propensity to treat women differently than men when they are accused of committing a violent crime, such as murder. Because we live in a male-dominated society it is believed that men commit most violent crimes. Some studies indicate that when a violent crime is committed by a man society has a more acceptable view of the offense. Because of gender stereotypes, women are judged more harshly by society than a man. Women are expected to follow normal behavior as ascribed by their societies current definitions of normal. Society views women as nurturers who are subservient to their husbands and devoted to their children (2008). The Andrea Yates case was chosen as the focus of this paper because it perfectly illustrates the impact of external and internal forces, which can drive a woman to commit a violent crime and societies reaction to those crimes. 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Uses of Job Description Free Essays

Usefulness of Job Description 1. It Helps identify a job, distinguishing it from other jobs by its title. 2. We will write a custom essay sample on Uses of Job Description or any similar topic only for you Order Now It serves as a guide in employee recruitment, selection, and placement. 3. It establishes proper relationship between one job and the others within the same salary bracket. 4. It facilitates comparisons with similar jobs in other firms for purposes of wage surveys. 5. It serves as a guide in the organization and administration of a department, division, section, or unit. 6. It helps to form lines of promotion or transfer and to spot employees who need further training. . It contributes to the personal satisfaction of every individual employee with his job. Components of Job Design Job specialization Job expansion Psychological components Self-directed teams Motivation and incentive systems Ergonomics and work methods Job Specialization †¢ Involves o Breaking jobs into small component parts o Assigning specialists to do each part †¢ First noted by Adam Smith (1776) o Observed how workers in pin factory divided tasks into smaller components †¢ Found in manufacturing se rvice industries Job Specialization Often Reduces Cost †¢ Greater dexterity faster learning †¢ Less lost time changing jobs or tools †¢ Use more specialized tools †¢ Pay only for needed skills Job Expansion Process of adding more variety to jobs Intended to reduce boredom associated with labor specialization Methods o Job enlargement o Job enrichment o Job rotation o Employee empowerment Psychological Components of Job Design †¢ Individuals have values, attitudes, and emotions that affect job results o Example: Work is a social experience that affects belonging needs Effective worker behavior comes mostly from within the individual o Scientific management argued for external financial rewards †¢ First examined in ‘Hawthorne studies’ Self-Directed Teams Group of empowered individuals working together for a common goal May be organized for short-term or long-term objectives Reasons for effectiveness o Provide employee empowerment o Provide core job characteri stics o Meet psychological needs (e. g. , belonging) Motivation Worker performance depends on o Motivation o Ability o Work environment Motivation is the set of forces that compel behavior Money may serve as a psychological financial motivator Incentive systems o Measured daywork: Pay based on standard time o Piece rate: Pay based on pieces done Ergonomics and Work Methods Worker performance depends on o Motivation o Ability o Work environment Foundation laid by Frederick Taylor o Match employees to task o Develop work methods o Establish work standards Ergonomics Study of work Also called ‘human factors’ Involves human-machine interface Examples o Mouse o Keyboard How to cite Uses of Job Description, Papers

Public Health Policy and Society Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Public Health Policy and Society. Answer: Introduction A brief introduction to public health policy and society Public health policies are those policies that intend to define procedures and guidelines that are used to govern or allocate resources towards attainment a particular goal in health. Public health policy is the interplay of factors such as politics, power and public interest that influence government allocation of resources to the public. Public policy is a normal product of government strategic goal intended to better health care with Australia or to a specific community. Health policies are always intended to a particular society, for instance, indigenous communities living in Australia. Since coming into office the government of Australia through the ministry of health has developed many health policies that aim to better service provision, improve healthcare or target specific disadvantage group of people within Australia. For instance, one of the public health policies developed through the ministry of health is rural healthcare policy with focus on indigenous marginal communit ies such as Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people. The following essay seeks to explore the importance of policy for health and example of health policies within Australia. Rural And Remote Healthcare Policy One of the government of Australian health priority include focusing on rural healthcare initiative that concentrate on marginalized communities such as Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities (Rickards, 2011). This is due to poor health conditions that these communities lives in yet currently the government through various healthcare initiative has been reaching these people in their rural areas. Rural and remote healthcare policy has been the key pillar for Shed initiative at Mt Druitt and healthcare promotions that are seen across the country. Statistics show that there is improvement since the inception of rural and remote healthcare policy in Australia through the ministry of health (Britnell, 2015). Rural and remote healthcare policy ensures those communities living within remote areas are reached for the purpose of better healthcare. What is health Health refers to the state of competency within the physical, mental and social wellness without infirmity or disease. According to WHO, health is dynamic conditions arising from body adaptation and adjusting to the changing environment and stress through maintenance of equilibrium. This definition gives the relationship between human body and the environment through interaction. Adapting to changes may be due to challenging physical, mental or social challenges which in a broad sense leading to health challenges. In this sense, environmental and body interaction play a critical role in the health status of an individual since the two are related to socio-economic conditions a phenomenon called Salutogenesis. In addition, dynamic conditions people live in may include social and economic conditions such as housing, employment status and access to food or education (Golembiewski, 2012). Health interaction with the environment Salutogenesis refers to those factors that encourage or foster wellness and health in an individual. Salutogenesis may include interacting with things that are part of environment people live in and highly require proper handling to turn them into good healthy things. For instance, the way an individual reacts to various factors in the environment one lives in will determines the wellness and the health status of that individual. This association particularly called health environment interaction. In addition, health interaction with environment allows those people especially men to draw nourishing for life from activities they do and the environment they lives in (Lindmark, Wagman, Whlin Rolander, 2016). Salutogenesis approach is used to address social determinant of the health of Aboriginal men in Mt Druitt. Within this community, the environment that these men live has a direct influence on the health status especially depression leading to death. The characteristic of environment that Aboriginal men live in has massive cultural influence and this is connected to the health status of these marginalized men. The cultural influence as an environment interacts with the living conditions of men leading to health status. The pride that forms the basis of the culture of Aboriginal men is highly affected by racism, incarceration, job, economic and housing insecurity leading to depression among men hence increasing the number of suicide (Lindmark, Wagman, Whlin Rolander, 2016). Social determinants of health According to WHO social determinants of health refer to life conditions under which people are born, grow, work or life and contributes to the conditions of their daily life. Some of the common determinants of health include economic policies and systems, social norms, development agendas, social policies and political systems. To make it more understandable WHO further categories this determinant into five categories that include economic stability, education, social and community context, health and healthcare and neighborhood and built environment (Pega Veale, 2015). Firstly, economic stability determines some social conditions that may include the employment of citizens, housing instability, food insecurity and poverty level within the society. Secondly, education as a social determinant of health determines the language literacy, early childhood education, the number of those people enrolling for higher education. Thirdly, social community context as number three determinant en tails discrimination, civic participation, incarceration and social cohesion within the society (Pega et al, 2017). Fourthly, health and healthcare as a social determinant of health include access to healthcare, health literacy and above all access to primary care. Finally, neighborhood and built environment is listed as the final social determinant and composes of crime and violence, environmental conditions, quality housing and access to food that support healthy eating patterns (Bahrer-Kohler, 2012). Life course perspective Life course perspective is the strategy that studies the effect of life experience on the health status of the individual in the society. Life course approach aims at the distribution of health experience across the lifespan as a way of maintains healthy conditions. Under this initiative, two factors are focused that include economic and social conditions of life that are key social determinants of health. Studies of economic and social conditions effect on health show the correlation of these life factors to certain health disorders witnessed in society today. For instance, childhood and adulthood economic or social conditions are directly related to some disorders such as diabetes, especially in adult life. Cumulative effects of course life experience at particular life stage, for instance, early childhood experience has a high effect on the later date health status (Raphael, 2010). What is policy and what is health policy What is the policy? Policy can broadly be defined as the principle of action proposed or adopted by the organization or individuals. The policy is associated with power, politics and public benefits during resources allocation or decision making. The policy is part of governance and assists in objective decision making in terms of procedure and protocols used within public organizations. In this sense, the policy does not restrict behaviors as laws yet policies guide the decision making and give the direction for implementation of procedures or protocols. The impact of policy can be felt in two different ways and these are intended effect and unintended effects. Firstly, intended effects refer to the positive intention that leads to formulate the policy. For instance, free health policies intend to better healthcare and this is the intended effect once implemented. Secondly, unintended effects refer to the negative effects of a policy that may arise from complexity with the area of implementations. For instance, the negative effect of free maternity policies for the country may lead to a reduction of cost related to maternity within the country (Raphael, 2014). What is health policy? Health policy generally refers to decisions, actions, and plans that are carried out to achieve healthcare goals within the community. Health policy can be viewed in terms of roles played by politics and power. Health policy interacts with numerous factors to contribute to success or failure of health system within the country. Politics as an ingredient for health policy massively influence the design, emergence, execution, and evaluation of health policy (Cummins, 2011). Firstly, politics and power determine processes in health governance of healthcare facilities. Secondly, politics play a critical role in the development of health policies within the country. Thirdly, politics also contribute to the evaluation of the health policies and this is also part of healthcare governance (Kajang, 2015). What can policy do improve healthcare The role of policy is inevitable within the healthcare of the country contribute greatly to improve or diminish healthcare. A major focus is based on the role of policy in improving healthcare. Firstly, policy help aligns healthcare at the top of the priority and this highly contributes to the improvement of healthcare in terms of resource allocation. Favorable healthcare policies improve the health of the country (Garathy, Stuart McNally, 2016). For instance, government policy that gives health priority to the indigenous communities such as Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander improves health among these marginalized communities. Secondly, policies streamline the resource use within the healthcare leading to proper utilization of available resources for the improvement of healthcare. Thirdly, policies determine the health assessment criteria that is key to improving the effectiveness of healthcare in Australia (Buse, Mays Walt, 2012). Aboriginal Health by Mr. Shed Shed focus on the health status of marginalized or disadvantage men that include men from indigenous community of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander men. In addition, the community initiative also considers unemployed men, new dads, separated men, incarcerated men and those men who are at the risk due to stress in life. These factors highly contribute to mens poor health status with others reportedly commit suicide due to stress and depression. Sheds identify some of the other factors that affect the indigenous mens health such as contemporary structural and social factors education, employment, access to service, a social network connection with land, racism and increasing imprisonment of men from these communities (Macdonald Welsh, 2012). Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander are selected since they form part of marginalized men and studies show that among those men committing suicide, indigenous men from these communities form the largest number. More specifically, Shed tries to address social determinants of male suicide and these include physical health, mental health, socio-economic factors, oral health, housing and cultural wellbeing. Firstly, mental health highly contributes to a large number of depression witnessed in indigenous men leading to suicide. Secondly, housing is another negative determinant of health among men since indecency housing highly results in poor health of men in this area (Hicks Maldonado, 2016). Cultural wellbeing positively affects mens life and is associated feeling connected to cultural practices of these indigenous people. Oral health is another health issue that is addressed in Shed since poor oral health is connected to discomfort and this makes many men feel stressed up (Australia n Indigenous HealthInfoNet 2012). However, some of the social determinants that lead to better life among those male include love, meaningful work, and position in society, religious faith and belonging (Berkman Kawachi, 2014). Love is one of the ingredients that better the lives of these indigenous particularly the feeling of being loved and cared for. Position in the society is another element that highly contributes to the wellness of among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander men. The sense of belonging is another critical aspect of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander more so feeling of being part of their culture. In addition, forming part their religious faith is connected to the health status of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander men. Finally, meaningful work is also factors that are lifeline making the life of indigenous men's life better (Macdonald, 2010). Social Gradient: a basic social determinant of health Social determinants refer to those economic and social conditions and the impact of these factors in determining an individual or group of individuals health status. Social determinants are associated with health outcome and public policy. Some of the basic social determinants of health are a social gradient, stress, education, early life, social inclusion/exclusion, employment, income, social support, addiction, transport, and race. Education is a social determinant of health since education affects the knowledge about health and poor education is associated with poor health conditions. Secondly, early life and all the challenges that affect the early life of an individual affect their adult life. Early life determines the emotional health of the adult. Unemployment is associated with poor health and premature death since these individuals are unable to resist mental stress connected with unemployment (Braveman Gottlieb, 2014). Income or earning is another social indicator for health since income is correlated to health status and socio-economic status of an individual in the society they live in. Food and nutrition is an important social determinant of health since malnutrition is connected to poor health while good nutrition attracts good health. Addition to alcohol and other drugs affected health greatly; these results in poor health of an addict and results in health inequalities as compared to those do not take illicit drugs. Social exclusion is connected to poverty in the society and this is due to exclusion in the community resulting in premature death of many excluded individuals. Stress is another important social determinant of health since long-term stress is connected to psychological and mental problems that also result in premature death or poor health in general (Knaus, 2016). Social gradient The social gradient is the inequalities in social status that arise for the social status difference in the population. According to Braverman, Egerter, and William (2011), an individuals social and economic status highly influences their health status in the society. Social gradient cut across the society and can be classified as most and the list disadvantage in the health ladder. Health disadvantages are classified as an upper middle disadvantage and lower middle disadvantage health gradient. Firstly, upper middle disadvantage includes those highly disadvantage in health throughout the society. The lower disadvantage is individuals that least disadvantage in health as compared to other grouped within the health social gradient (Simandan, 2018). Social gradient health disadvantage can also be classified as either absolute or relative in the society. Firstly, absolute health disadvantage is where individuals have no access to health education; there is unemployment and poor living condition that contribute to poor health conditions in the society. Secondly, relative health disadvantage in the society is where an individuals has access to poor education, insecure employment, and relatively poor health conditions. The disadvantage in life may moves according to transition in life gradient within the society and people are influenced by their past health disadvantage (Council of Civil Service Union, 2004). For instance, poor childhood economic and social conditions are often associated with late adulthood health disorders. Conclusion In conclusion, policy plays an important role in governance and resource allocation within every sector to the government or organization. Health policies are, therefore, statements of intends that aim at directing the resource allocation and definition of procedures or protocols used in healthcare provision. There are social determinants of health that are directly or indirectly related to the health conditions of an individual or a group of individuals. Social and economic conditions of life are an aspect of life course perspective approach that is used to determine life disorders. One example of public health policy is rural and remote healthcare service focusing on marginalized communities of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander. The environment these people live in determines the health status of these people a phenomenon called Salutogenesis. References Australian Indigenous HealthInfoNet (2012). Overview of Australian Indigenous Health status, 2013 (pp 1-15) Available at: Braverman, P., Egerter, S. William, D.R. (2011). 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