Energy crisis - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 32 Words: 9476 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? ntroducton vr nc th nrgy cr, whn dgtl control (thn clld MC for nrgy mngmnt nd control ytm) wr uncrmonouly uhrd nto wdprd u for HVC control, th ndutry h trd to mk thm look nd ct lk th pnumtc control thy hv uprdd. Only occonlly r om of th profoundly xpndd opportunt vlbl wth dgtl control ppld ffctvly. Furthrmor, trm lk rt chdul nd drct ctng, rlvnt only to pnumtc ytm, r tll commonly mployd n wht now th dgtl control r. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Energy crisis" essay for you Create order Whl th proc of trnton to dgtl control tchnolog tolrt th mxd bg, multtud of nw dmnd r rqurng our ndutry to mov hd nd rlz th full potntl of dgtl control tchnolog. Buldng occupnt r dmndng mor comfortbl nd hghr qulty nvronmnt. Buldng ownr contnu to pr for grtr conom n contructon, oprton, nd mntnnc. Fnlly, vrty of prur r upon u to provd mor prc control nd documntton tht tndrd for tmprtur, vntlton, nd ndoor r qulty r bng mt. n th rtcl, wll dcu how DDC tchnolog prmt nw flxblty n th trdtonl rul concrnng th nd for lnr gnl nd rpon wth nput nd output dvc. Whn proprly ppld, th nw flxblty cn rduc th cot of DDC tchnolog. Nxt month, wll how how, by combnng th fundmntl wth mrgng ntr mnufcturr control ntgrton, dgnr cn chv nw horzon n prformnc nd nrgy ffcncy. HVC Control ytm HVC control ytm computrzd ytm for clmt control n buldng. HVC tnd for humdty, vntlton , r-condtonng. Oftn, th ntgrt fr, curty, nd lghtng control nto on ytm. Th ytm typclly u on or mor cntrl controllr to commnd nd montor th rmot trmnl unt controllr, nd thy communct wth on or mor pronl computr tht r ud th oprtor ntrfc. Th control ytm r typclly ud on lrg commrcl nd ndutrl buldng to llow cntrl control of mny HVC unt round th buldng(). Th ltt ytm u th buldng thrnt for communcton btwn cntrl controllr, nd llow oprtor cc from wb browr. Drct Dgtl Control Cntrl controllr nd mot trmnl unt controllr r progrmmbl, mnng th drct dgtl control progrm cod my b cutomzd for th ntndd u. Th progrm ftur nclud tm chdul, tpont, controllr, logc, tmr, trnd log, nd lrm. Th unt controllr typclly hv nlog nd dgtl nput, tht llow murmnt of th vrbl (tmprtur, humdty, or prur) nd nlog nd dgtl output for control of th mdum (hot/cold wtr nd/or tm). Dgtl nput r typclly (dry) contct from control dvc, nd nlog nput r typclly voltg or currnt murmnt from vrbl (tmprtur, humdty, vlocty, or prur) nng dvc. Dgtl output r typclly rly contct ud to trt nd top qupmnt, nd nlog output r typclly voltg or currnt gnl to control th movmnt of th mdum (r/wtr/tm) control dvc.(Vlv/dmpr/motor pd) t w only nturl tht th frt HVC controllr would b pnumtc, th ngnr undrtood flud control. Thu mchncl ngnr could u thr xprnc wth th proprt of tm nd r to control th flow of htd or coold r. To th dy, thr pnumtc HVC qupmnt n oprton, whch cn b cntury old, n om buldng, uch chool nd offc. ftr th control of r flow nd tmprtur w tndrdzd, th u of lctromchncl rly n lddr logc, to wtch dmpr bcm tndrdzd. vntully, th rly bcm lctronc wtch, trntor vntully could hndl grtr currnt lod. By 1985, pnumtc control could no longr compt wth th nw tchnology. By th yr 2000, computrzd controllr wr common. Tody, om of th controllr cn vn b ccd by wb browr, whch nd no longr b n th m buldng th HVC qupmnt. Th llow om conom of cl, ngl oprton cntr cn ly montor thound of buldng. Why Lnr Dvc? Whn pnumtc control domntd our ndutry, buldng ownr pd hgh prc for modult n g l o o p p r f o r m n c n d tblty. On of th prc pd w th rqurmnt tht nput nd output dvc b lnr wth rpct to th ytm vrbl thy nd or controlld. Th nd for lnr rpon w ntl to mtch th lmtd control cpblt of pnumtc controllr. numbr of rul nd convnton wr tblhd wthn our ndutry tht md chvng th lnr rpon rqurmnt r. mong th wr th dvlopmnt of th qul prcntg vlv, whch ncludd th mngly bckwrd rul of thumb tht clld for zng control vlv mllr thn th pp z. mlrly, mchncl nng dvc wr contructd to provd lnr chng n control r prur ovr thr ntr nng rng. Whl th convnton nd rul of thumb rvd th dy of pnumtc, thy now nd to b rthought. Rqurng wht cll xtrnl lnrzton n dgtl control dgn dd cot n two wy. Lnr dvc r oftn mor xpnv thn nonlnr dvc tht my offr mprovd lvl of prformnc n DDC pplcton. Furthr, lnr output convnton, uch dgnng hgh prur drop through vlv or dmpr, crry ubtntl contnuou oprtng nrgy pnlty. By dvlopng nw rul nd convnton, th knowldgbl dgnr cn produc dgn tht hv lowr frt nd oprtng cot nd my oprt mor rlbly wll. Lnr Dvc n th DDC r Th nd for lnr rpon n modultng control loop h not bn lmntd by th ntroducton of dgtl control. Whl dgtl control offr mprovd modultng control cpblt, ncludng proportonl/ntgrl/drvtv (PD) controllr, th control loop contnu to b bd on th prncpl of lnr rpon, t lt ovr crtn rng. Howvr, n mot typcl pplcton, dgtl control cn ly ntrnlly lnrz both nput gnl nd output control functon. ntrnl Lnrzton of nput On wy to rduc th cot of om DDC confgurton to prmt nonlnr nput dvc nd u th DDC ytm for clng to chv th corrct rdng ovr th rng rqurd for th pplcton. contnu to DDC pcfcton tht lmt th lcton of nput dvc to tho tht provd lnr gnl to th DDC ytm ovr wd rng of vlu. xcpt n pcl c, th n unncry rqurmnt tht dd cot nd my cu othr problm. Condr tmprtur nor. Fg. 1 how rtnc curv for n nxpnv thrmtor typ tmprtur nor tht my b mployd for room tmprtur nng. Thrmtor r xcllnt choc for HVC pplcton. Thy r nxpnv, hv xcllnt ccurcy nd vry low hytr, nd rpond quckly to tmprtur chng. Furthrmor, t tmprtur normlly nvolvd n HVC pplcton, thrmtor hv xcllnt long-trm tblty (om cr hould b tkn n choong thrmtor whn tmprtur my r bov 240 F). Fnlly, bcu thrmtor r typclly hgh rtnc (10,000 ohm typcl), thy r not ffctd by vrton n wrng dtnc. Howvr, om dgnr contnu to xclud thrmtor bcu th nput gnl not lnr wth tmprtur ovr wd tmprtur rng. ntd, low mpdnc RTD typ nor r oftn pcfd. Th typ of nor typclly rqur n lctrc crcut t th nor tht lnrz nd trnmt th gnl n wy tht t wll not b ffctd by wrng rtnc (uully currnt loop gnl ud). mployng low rtnc RTD nor wth ddtonl lctronc prnt numbr of potntl problm n DDC pplcton. Frt th mttr of ccurcy. Whl th RTD nor thmlv provd xcllnt ccurcy, t not uncommon to fnd nd-tond ccurc ( u nd-to-nd th compron of th vlu rd by prcon thrmomtr t th dvc comprd wth th ctul rdng t th DDC ytm oprtor trmnl) out of tolrnc. Clbrton of th currnt loop nput my b mor dffcult thn tht of mpl rtnc typ thrmtor. Othr potntl problm wth RTD rng from th ddtonl lctronc (uully loctd t th dvc) tht my complct rlblty u ll th wy to how th nor curv 2 Nonlnr nor rtnc curv. Th nor prformnc curv mooth curv ovr th nor oprtng prur. Th DDC lnrzd curv r of trght ln tht cloly pproxmt th nor prformnc nor nd lctronc r confgurd, whch on occon h bn found to ffct dvrly th nor gnl. Tbl functon tht r now rdly vlbl wth DDC product cn b mployd to cl thrmtor nd othr nonlnr dvc ovr wd rng of vlu. Fg. 2 how how DDC ytm cn lnrz contnuou, nonlnr nor nput curv wth tbl functon. numbr of trght ln curv r tblhd n th tbl functon to pproxmt cloly th nonlnr functon of th dvc. long mpl, nxpnv dvc cn mt th rptblty, hytr, nd tblty rqurmnt for n HVC pplcton, uch dvc hould not b rjctd bcu thr gnl r not lnr. Rqurmnt of Lnr Output Onc t undrtood tht nput dvc nd not b lnr, t not grt lp to rcognz tht th rpon from output dvc controlld by nlog output mlrly nd not b lnr. Howvr, th u hr r mor complx nd mor ngrnd n th rul of thumb tht ngnr frquntly pply utomtclly, o om ndpth dcuon rqurd. Bcu of th pnumtc bckground, vlv dgn mnul commonly tr th nd to lct col/vlv combnton for whch qul ncrmnt n vlv poton wll ffct qul ncrmnt n ht trnfr of typcl htng or coolng col throughout th trok of th vlv ctutor. Fg. 3 how how trdtonl dgn prctc k to lnrz th ovrll prformnc of vlv nd coolng col. Crfully lctng col nd vlv combnton cn provd nrly lnr prformnc ovr th ntr rng of lod poblt. uch lcton don bcu t umd tht th vlv wll b oprtd by controllr wth fxd proportonl gn. Though th dgn prncpl tll wdly mployd, t no longr pplcbl n mny modrn HVC pplcton. n VV coolng col pplcton, th vrton of r flow nd r/chlld wtr tmprtur chrctrtc ct to chng dynmclly th ht trnfr chrctrtc of th vlv/col rrngmnt th prmtr chng. Th mk t vry dffcult to lct vlv/col combnton tht wll b lnr through th vrty of condton tht my ccompny t oprton. Th hghr prformnc of DDC ytm prmt dgnr much grtr flxblty n th dgn of modultng control wthout tblhng ttc (nd thrfor unrltc) dgn crtr. Fg. 4 how vlv nd col combnton tht do not provd lnr rpon of vlv poton to col cpcty. Howvr, modrn DDC ytm prmt clng tbl to b ppld to nlog output wll th nput. Output clng prmt n nhrntly nonlnr dvc combnton to rpond n lnr fhon to gnl from th DDC ytm. n th xmpl, th vlv nd col combnton provd bout 70 prcnt of th dgn coolng cpcty t bout 20 prcnt vlv trvl. Th DDC output to th vlv cn b djutd wth th clng tbl to poton th vlv t 20 prcnt trvl t 70 prcnt output gnl from th DDC ytm. Th clng fctor llow tndrd PD control to oprt th vlv ffctvly bcu of oftwr lnrzton of th vlv/col combnton. Howvr, th chlld wtr flow nd ht trnfr prformnc umd for Fg. 4 vld only for contnt lod-d flow nd nlt tmprtur nd for contnt chlld wtr upply tmprtur. Whthr nhrnt n th ytm dgn or for optmzton ron, rrly n rl HVC pplcton do th othr vrbl rmn contnt control loop oprt. prvouly dcud, th u of lnr output combnton h thrfor bn only wkly rolvd n th pt by ttmptng to lnrz componnt t on t of ytm condton. Obtnng good control ovr wd rng of ytm condton cn b rolvd fr mor compltly nd ffctvly wth th hghr prformnc cpblt of DDC ytm. Th proportonl, ntgrl, nd drvtv gn cn b td to lgorthm tht djut thr vlu th vrbl uch lod-d flow, tmprtur, nd chlld wtr tmprtur chng. vn mor mprv th mrgnc of lf-tunng controllr. Th controllr contnully r-tblh th vrou gn octd wth control loop to provd contnuouly prc control wthout huntng. Th bnft of lf-tunng r pclly mportnt bcu vrbl byond th mmdt control loop cn hv profound nd wdly vryng ffct on ch control loop. lf-tunng ftur r bcomng wdly vlbl wth DDC ytm nd r normouly ffctv n djutng control loop to contnu tbl oprton othr ytm vrbl chng. Controllblty prvouly dcud, lctng qupmnt for lnr rpon hould not b n ovrrdng condrton for dgnr n th r of dgtl control. Howvr, th do not mn dgnr cn b mprc n thr dgn or n th lcton of control loop componnt. Th u of controllblty on tht wll contnu to ply promnnt rol both n th dgn of ytm nd th lcton of ndvdul componnt. Controllblty rmn lrgly zng u. f vlv ovrzd for gvn condton uch tht th mllt ncrmnt pobl from th control loop wll ubtntlly ovrhoot th drd control condton, th loop h bcom uncontrollbl. Th problm tht typclly mrg durng prod of low lod. Fully undrtndng th u of controllblty nd pplyng DDC cpblt corrctly llow dgnr to olv uch problm nd t th m tm vtly mprov th ffcncy nd prformnc of th ytm. lctng control vlv wth lowr prur drop wll rduc th pumpng powr rqurd to mt th lod condton. Trdtonl prctc trongly condmn th d of mployng lrg vlv wth lowr prur drop bcu of th nonlnr rpon nd th lck of controllblty t low lod. Fg. 5 llutrt th dlmm. Th vlv/col combnton wth Vlv my b lctd ccordng to trdtonl dgn prctc bcu t ronbly controllbl t low lod. Th vrtcl x ntrcpt rprnt th mllt ncrmntl coolng trnfr pobl th vlv crckd opn. Not tht t mll-only bout 10 prcnt of th dgn mxmum coolng rt. Th col combnton wth Vlv B h much lowr prur drop bcu Vlv B lrgr z vlv. Whl vlv/col Combnton B would rqur l pumpng powr, th Y-x ntrcpt much hghr thn tht for Combnton . Trdtonl dgn crtr typclly dclr Vlv B unutbl for th pplcton bcu t uncontrollbl t lowr lod nd th vlv poton/ coolng cpcty rltonhp nonlnr. But whn t ntgrtd wth hgh-prformnc control ytm tht cn djut both th chlld wtr tmprtur nd th loop hd prur, wll lnrty nd controllblty of Combnton B rlly b problm? ytm Dynmc To how th quton cn b nwrd, condr th grph n Fg. 6 nd 7. Fg. 6 how th oprton curv for vlv/col Combnton B t numbr of dffrnt pproch (chlld wtr upply l r tmprtur lvng col) tmprtur condton. t clr tht ncrng th chlld wtr tmprtur rltv to th lvng r tmprtur mrkdly mprov th controllblty t low lod. mlrly, Fg. 7 llutrt tht th dcr n prur cro th vlv/col combnton lo mprov th controllblty t low lod. Dgnr cn u th rltonhp to rduc ubtntlly th problm of controllblty. t prod of unform low lod, th DDC ytm cn rduc th hd prur cro vlv nd ncr th chlld wtr tmprtur to mprov controllblty. f ll vlv on common chlld wtr loop xprnc mlr dcr n lod concurrntly, typcl n mny HVC pplcton, th prmtr djutmnt grt hlp n mprovng controllblty t low lod. t pprnt from th two fgur tht lrgr rngblty nd low lod controllblty r chvd by controllng th chlld wtr tmprtur for lod djutmnt. Rng th chlld wtr tmprtur provd bonu of chllr ffcncy ncr, but chlld wtr djutmnt rduc pumpng vng bcu hghr chlld wtr tmprtur ncr th wtr flow ncry to mt lod. ddtonlly, undr crtn crcumtnc dhumdfcton rqurmnt my lmt th prmbl chlld wtr djutmnt. xplotng th ntgrtd control cpblt of DDC ytm nd controllng chlld wtr tmprtur nd hydronc loop prur n coordnton wth th control vlv llow vlv/col Combnton B to prform vry wll n mny HVC pplcton. Nxt month w wll focu on th lvl of ntgrton rqurd to mk vlv/col Confgurton B oprt ffctvly. W wll dcu ntgrtng th oprton of th vrou qupmnt nvolvd n provdng comfort, pobl now through th ndutry mov to provd communcton brdg mong mnufcturr. By concntrtng on lctng th mot cotffctv nput/output dvc nd by utlzng th mrgng communcton pthwy btwn qupmnt from vrou upplr, w wll tht nw horzon of prformnc nd nrgy ffcncy cn b ttnd wth mpl nd conomcl control confgurton. Dgnr mut xplot th bnft of hghr prformng DDC ytm to dvlop n undrtndng of th fundmntl of ntrfcng hrdwr pont to DDC ytm. n o dong, mor n-dpth look nto totl ytm oprton mut b vlutd bfor oluton r lctd. mply followng trdtonl rul of thumb rgrdng lnr nput nd output dvc poor dgn prctc n th dgtl control r. DDC nd mll nd Mdum z Buldng Th control of htng, vntltng nd r-condtonng (HVC) ytm chngng rult of pplyng drct dgtl control (DDC) tchnqu to HVC control. Th rport outln th mn ftur of DDC comprd wth convntonl pnumtc control nd how tht, for mll-to-mdum-z buldng, th DDC ytm cn py for tlf wthn two yr, ftr whch t ffct nt vng ovr pnumtc ytm. Compron btwn Pnumtc Control nd DDC Drct dgtl control of HVC ytm th drct montorng of vry ytm nput (tmprtur, flow, prur) nd drct control of vry ytm output (poton, onlff) from cntrl controllr whch ngl computr or combnton of computr. DDC mpl concpt, but t gnfcnc not obvou untl t comprd wth trdtonl form of HVC control. Trdtonlly, th control of HVC ytm w bd on ndpndnt pnumtc controllr, whch ud comprd r t o oprt th dmpr nd vlv ctutor t o control pc condton uch tmprtur, humdty nd frh-r crculton. On buldng would hv vrl uch ytm, whch wr controlld ndpndntly. For xmpl, n r-hndlng ytm compod of two fn, thr dmpr nd thr vlv (Fgur 1) would b controlld by locl pnumtc controllr whch oprtd ndpndnt unt. ch controllr hd mpl tk: to mntn contnt t pont (for xmpl, upply r tmprtur) by montorng nd controllng vry l m t d numbr of vrbl connctd to t by mn of comprd r ln who prur rprntd th vlu of th vrbl. Th control w djutd mchnclly by tchncn n th fld, nd, clbrton of th pnumtc componnt w rrly crrd out, th ytm oftn dd not control th buldng ffcntly. Bcu th pnumtc controllr wr purly lctromchncl dvc, thr ophtcton nd ccurcy of control wr xtrmly lmtd. ltr vrnt (of pnumtc control) lo mployd pnumtc cntrl, but w t h th ddton of computr ytm. Th comput ytm montord om ddtonl pont (for xmpl, pc tmprtur) nd thr clcultd nw t pont for ch pnumtc controllr or llowd n oprtor t computr trmnl to trnmt mnul t pont to th pnumtc controllr. lthough th nwr vrnt dd th buldng mngr by provdng mor nformton bout buldng condton nd prformnc, ovrll ffctv control of th buldng w tll compromd by th locl pnumtc controllr. ch controlld pont w tll oprtd by pnumtc controllr wth vry lmtd ophtcton nd vrtully no flxblty. Th lmtton bcm mor mportnt wy to mng nrgy bcm mor ophtctd, om WC ytm, uch vrbl r volum (VV) ytm, rqurd n ccurcy of control not ttnbl n mot c by pnumtc controllr. rult, buldng nrgy mngr wr frutrtd by thr nblty to mprov th control trtg wthout rbuldng th pnumtc control ytm for ch chng. DDC h olvd both problm;. ntd of ndpndnt locl pnumtc controllr, DDC u control or montorng pont, ch connctd to computr (or ntrconnctd computr) whch rd th vlu of ch nput nd trnmt commnd to ch output (Fgur 2). Th control trtg r mplmntd by computr progrm, whch cn b chngd by th oprtor t wll. lo, ch trtgy h vlbl to t th vlu of vry ytm nput ntd of vry l m t d locl t. n hort, undr th DDC concpt, th ntr buldng oprt on ntgrtd ytm rthr thn ndpndnt rrrll ytm. Four mn rult ccru: Control cn b mpl or ophtctd drd, nd cn b chngd ly; Th ytm mor rlbl bcu fwr lctromchncl componnt r ndd; Control mor ccurt bcu of th nhrnt grtr ccurcy of DDC lctronc componnt; nd nrgy vd bcu n ovrll trtgy lmnt nrgy wt rultng from multnou htng nd coolng, whch uully occur n pnumtc ytm. Th blty of DDC to ccommodt vrtully ny control trtgy h hd drmtc mpct on mchncl dgn. om nw mchncl ytm cn oprt n mny dffrnt mod, dpndng on xtrnl condton, pc tmprtur, on, condton of torg tnk, nd utlty-prcng tructur. DDC llow uch ytm to b oprtd contnuouly n thr optmum mod, tndrd whch mply cnnot b ttnd by ordnry pnumtc ytm or vn pnumtc ytm wth computr montorng. Conquntly, mchncl dgnr r now fr to d g n th bt nrgy ytm for prtculr buldng wth th urnc tht whtvr control trtg thy pcfy cn b crrd out. ch loop t th rmot procor cn ctvt tlf ndpndnt of th othr; howvr, th mot ffcnt u of nrgy chvd by controllng ll th loop through th cntrl procor. chdulng r-condtonng nd htng lod nd lctvly droppng lctrcl lod f th totl buldng powr pproch th dmnd lmt r two common nrgy optmzton ftur vlbl. Othr ftur, uch optml top/trt, whch clcult th optmum trtng nd toppng tm of htng/coolng unt to prpr pc for occupncy wthout wtng nrgy, r lo ud prt of n ovr-ll trtgy. Mot of th optmzton routn do not rqur ny ddtonl hrdwr nc thy r mplmntd by mply ddng progrm tht n xtng nput nd chng th trtgy for controllng xtng output ctutor. Th buldng ownr or mngr who u DDC ffctvly nd fdbck to vlut h trtg for optmzng buldng prformnc. DDC mplf th proc bcu t contnully montor ch nput drctly nd h torg cpcty to kp fl of th htorcl dt thu obtnd. Th htorcl dt cn b plottd n color on TV crn or ummrzd nd prntd n rport formt for mngmnt rvw. Th mot dvncd DDC ytm (Fgur 3) nclud gnrlzd rport gnrtor whch cn produc n typ of rport t ny tm rthr thn lmt th ur to th rport nggd whn th ytm w procurd* Th ftur of DDC prtculrly mportnt nc th ownr powr to chng h nrgy trtgy gnrlly crt nd for nw rport on nrgy-ntv r dntfd by contnud u of th ytm. n ncllry bnft th blty of th DDG ytm to nclud fclt othr thn WC. Wth lttl ncr n cot, fctor uch control of curty nd lghtng cn b ddd to th ytm, thrby nblng grtr nrgy vng nd lmntng th nd to purch prt ytm for bdg rdng nd door-lock control. Thr no doubt tht DDC offr mor ffctv nrgy mngmnt thn convntonl control but, untl vry rcntly, t pplcton to HVC ntllton h bn lmtd to lrg buldng complx. Mny mll- nd mdum z buldng ntllton do not u DDC mnly bcu of t hgh cot. n th followng cton typcl mll buldng nlyzd nd DDC comprd wth pnumtc control on cot nd pybck b. mll Buldng ytm Th cot of n HVC control ntllton gnrlly rltd to th numbr of pont t o b montord or controlld, whr ch pont dfnd n nlog or dgtl nput (.g., tmprtur nor, fn ttu wtch) or nlog or dgtl output (.g. dmpr poton or pump on/off control. ch buldng ytm, uch r hndlng, domtc hot wtr, or chlld wtr, nclud crtn numbr of pont. rcnt tudy whch ncludd dtld nly of r of buldng HVC ytm, howd tht mll- to mdum-z buldng of bout 37,175 m2 (400,000 q. ft .) would contn bout 180 pont, of whch 35% would b nlog nput, 19% nlog output, 25% dgtl nput nd 21% dgtl output. lthough dffrnt buldng confgurton nd mchncl dgn would ffct th dtrbuton of pont typ, th totl numbr of pont for buldng of th z would uully b clo to 180. Dgnng DDC ytm Gvn th buldng lyout nd th numbr of pont n HVC qupmnt, th ngl grtt dgn trd-off tht btwn cntrlzton nd dtrbuton of computr powr. t th fully cntrlzd xtrm ngl cntrl computr control ll functon drctly nd ll pont r wrd to t. t th othr xtrm (fully dtrbutd), mllr cntrl computr connctd t o myrd of othr mll computr, ch of whch wrd to 10 to 20 nrby pont, n th cond ntnc th cntrl mchn prd vr th whol ytm nd control th pont through th ntrmdry of th rmot procor. ch rmot procor cn control ngl HVC ytm (.g. r-hndlng unt, chllr) ndpndntly. mdn pproch to mploy modrt numbr of rmot unt ch of whch wrd to 50 t o 120 pont. lthough ll th pproch utlz th bnft of DDC, th thr lvl of cntrlzton/dtrbuton nvolv thr fctor tht mut b wghd gnt on nothr. Th frt fctor th cot of computr hrdwr. Th fully-cntrlzd pproch mploy ngl procor, whch th lt xpnv nc t combn ll th computng powr n on plc w t h on nclour nd no duplcton of functon. Th fully-dtrbutd pproch rqur th hvt cptl cot for computr hrdwr. Th cond fctor lctrcl ntllton cot. Th fully dtrbutd rrngmnt yld th lowt ntllton cot bcu ch rmot procor cn b loctd vry clo to t pont nd thu wrng run r hort. Th fully-cntrlzd rrngmnt my b qut xpnv unl ll pont r n on mchncl room. Th mdn rrngmnt (Fgur 4) my b th mot conomcl ovr-ll bcu four rmot procor cn b ud, on n pnthou, on n om othr logcl locton uch bmnt mchncl room, nd othr on vrou floor of th buldng. Th thrd fctor rlblty. Th fully-cntrlzd chm mot ntv to flur nc flur of th ngl computr cu th ntr ytm to fl. lthough th ytm cn b md to fl fly, ytm flur nconvnnt. Th fully-dtrbutd chm lt ntv nc ny componnt computr cn fl whl tll lvng ll th othr runnng, but, prvouly mntond, th cot of th computng qupmnt hght. mdn pproch for mll buldng mk good n; comprom on ll fctor tblhd by dgnng ytm contng of cntrl computr nd four rmot unt. Cot nly: DDC vru Pnumtc Control Th ntlld cot of DDC ytm h trdtonlly bn hghr thn for pnumtc y tn, pclly n mll ntllton, whr th cot of th DDC control procor prd ovr fwr pont. Th cot of pnumtc ytm tnd to r lnrly wth th numbr of pont, lrg ytm rqur mor ndpndnt locl controllr, whr wth DDC cntrl procor rqurd vn f o r ytm wth vry fw pont. Howvr, th rpdly fllng cot of computng hrdwr h rodd th htorcl prc dffrnc btwn DDC nd pnumtc ntllton. For pcfc buldng of 37,175 m2 (400,000 q. ft.), th ntlld cot of pnumtc ytm bout 75% of th cot of DDC ytm lthough th ntl cot of DDC ytm hghr thn for pnumtc ytm, t cn b rcovrd n urprngly hort tm . t rltc to um tht DDC ytm wll yld 10X% nrgy vng ovr nd bov convntonl pnumtc control, du mply to t mor ccurt nd ophtctd control, nd t o t blty to provd th buldng ownr wth nformton bout buldng prformnc nd r whr nrgy hould b bttr controlld. Ftur uch lod hd nd flxbl chdulng lon wll produc lrg nrgy vng, nd th vng wll ncr th ownr bcom mor fmlr wth th oprton of th buldng. f w um yrly mntnnc cot of $12,000 nd $10,000 for th DDC nd pnumtc ytm rpctvly, nd n nrgy ug of 322 quvlnt kWh/m2/yr. (30 kWh/q.ft./yr.) t $0.0275 pr kWh for both ytm, t wll tk 1.4 yr mor for th DDC to py f o r tlf thn t wll for th pnumtc ytm whn ud n th buldng undr condrton. ftr tht tm th DDC ytm wll v mony comprd wth th pnumtc control. nothr mpl clculton how tht for thr-yr pybck th DDC nrgy vng nd b only 5.7%, n ly ttnbl fgur. Concluon Drct dgtl control now cot compttv w t h pnumtc control for WC control n mll- to mdum-z buldng. Gvn th othr dvntg of DDC, prtculrly t blty t o ccommodt chng to control trtgy nd to provd dtld rport of buldng prformnc, DDC hould bcom th domnnt tchnology for buldng n th z rng. ddtonl dvlopmnt ndd to lowr th ct furthr. n th xmpl prntd n th ppr, ntrumntton th hght n g l cot, lrgly bcu ll pcfd ntrumntton ndutrl grd. Th dvlopmnt of commrcl-grd nor nd ctutor, prtculrly ll-lctronc typ, whch would obvt th nd f o r n ntrumnt r upply, wll contrbut grtly to th ccptnc of DDC. cond r of dvlopmnt l n dvng computr progrm for th cntrl nd rmot computr. nrgy mngr dmnd mor ophtcton nd th lbor cot for cutom dvlopmnt r, comprhnv nd flxbl oftwr pckg wll domnt th DDC/HVC mrkt.

Sociological Factors Of Society s Behavior Essay

This paper will attempt to analyze sociological factors, which explain societies propensity to treat women differently than men when they are accused of committing a violent crime, such as murder. Because we live in a male-dominated society it is believed that men commit most violent crimes. Some studies indicate that when a violent crime is committed by a man society has a more acceptable view of the offense. Because of gender stereotypes, women are judged more harshly by society than a man. Women are expected to follow normal behavior as ascribed by their societies current definitions of normal. Society views women as nurturers who are subservient to their husbands and devoted to their children (2008). The Andrea Yates case was chosen as the focus of this paper because it perfectly illustrates the impact of external and internal forces, which can drive a woman to commit a violent crime and societies reaction to those crimes. Andrea Yates A brief synopsis of the Yates case is required for better understanding of the theories this document attributes to her crime. On June 20, 2001, in Clear Lake, Texas a small bedroom community located in Harris County, Andrea Yates drowned her five young children. Yates was a stay at home mother who homeschooled her children. According to all accounts, the Yates children appeared to be loved and well cared for by both parents. Andrea Yates grew up in Houston as part of a middle-class family and in 1986 she attended a two-year nursingShow MoreRelatedThere Is A Wide Array Of Theories About The Cause Of Crime1102 Words   |  5 Pagesabout the cause of crime ranging from predisposition to environmental factors. Research and development of these delinquency theories have progressed and been categorized by biological, psychological, and sociological theories. A major biological theory is Richard Dugdale’s theory of inheritance. There are several psychological theories with two of t hem being intelligence theory and Sigmund Freud’s personality trait theory. Sociological theories includes Emilie Durkheim’s functionalist theory and EdwinRead MoreThe Promise Of Sociology, By Charles Wright Mills1133 Words   |  5 Pages and functioning of a society as a whole. Comparative sociology is a social science that measures social change over time. Social change is the way societies and cultures are altered over time, which produces the mode of production. Mode of production is a system that determines the way societies survive and remain functioning. â€Å"The Promise of Sociology written by Charles Wright Mills explains that most men are unable to comprehend the effects of cultural and sociological changes that it can haveRead MoreWhy do individuals commit crimes?1381 Words   |  6 PagesTHEORIES OF CRIME Uka 5 THEORIES OF CRIME Uka 6 Can I Have Some Theory With That Crime? Why do individuals commit crimes? Society today is very well concerned with this matter. In todays time, there are psychologists, criminologists, biologists, and sociologists searching for an answer. In reality, the answer to this question is very hard to find out. However, for centuries, researchers of all kinds have been persistent in analyzing criminals for an answer. The scholarly attention to crime fromRead MoreSociological Knowledge in Nursing Essays1301 Words   |  6 Pagesthe study of human social behavior, communities and society. It involves the evolution of society and human behavior and it focuses on how society can change human behavior based on interaction with each other (Bennett, B., 2009 p.2). Nursing is a health care profession which concentrates in supporting individuals, their families, and societies as a whole in preserving, attaining and improving best possible health and functioning (Kozier, et al., 2010 pp. 8-9). Sociological knowledge plays a dynamicRead Mo reDurkheim s Influence On Sociology1240 Words   |  5 Pages1800 s because they thought that individual psychology was the basis of sociology. Durkheim regarded sociology as the study of the society that surrounds and influences the individual. Durkheim explained his theories in his book The Rules of Sociological Method (1895). He says there is relationship between moral values and religious beliefs, which establishes unity in society.Emile Durkheim has long been viewed as one of the founders of the so called variables oriented approach to sociological investigationRead MoreThe Sociological Imagination Within The Medical School873 Words   |  4 PagesThere are other instances where the sociological imagination takes place in my route to entering medical school. The concept of race is another example of a force that is unforeseen, but plays a role in my life. As Marcy C. Waters describes â€Å"Skin color is an important ascribed characteristic in American society. Less visible a re national origin and nationality† (Optional Ethnicities: For Whites Only? 228). Essentially, race and nationality are forces that one does not have control over, but playRead MoreThe Promise of Sociology by C. Wright Mills875 Words   |  3 Pages  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  According to C. Wright Mills, what occurs in any one individual s life is interrelated with society as a whole. The sociological imagination gives us the ability to understand the correlation of one s biography, history, and traditions along with the knowledge of the social and historical impact and/or influence society may have on that person or group of people. Mills notion compels us to investigate into an individual s biography and lifestyles, and place their findings within the surroundingRead MoreThe Crime Of The Criminal Justice System845 Words   |  4 Pagesjustice system. Some of this theories are the Biological studies, Psychological theories, and last the Sociological theory all are use d as different methods of explaining why crime exists. Biological theories are the biological explanations of crime. A famous theorists Cesare Lombroso, founder of the Italian school of Positivist Criminology. His biological explanation of crime, was that criminal behavior were genetic and that individuals who take part in crime, can be recognized by physical abnormalitiesRead MoreIp3 Crime Causation1535 Words   |  7 PagesInterContinental University Online Abstract This essay will focus on sociological theories of crime and their description, the strengths and weaknesses of each; sociological control theory, strain theory, differential association theory and neutralization theory. This essay will also focus on Rajartnam who was convicted for inside trading in 2011. Introduction A different approach to criminological theory was taken in the 1960’s although; it was a derivative of older theories. The labeling theoryRead MoreMy Interest Of Study Society1154 Words   |  5 Pagesdifficulties, which affect us all in one way or another. As I realize the differences in society I am able to identify my interest of study society in general. According to the sociologist C. Wright Mills (1959), to truly understand people s behavior we must look outside those individuals and concentrate into the larger social environment in which they live, including personal history. To comprehend the sociological imagination is to understand the principles of personal troubles and public issues and

Uses of Job Description Free Essays

Usefulness of Job Description 1. It Helps identify a job, distinguishing it from other jobs by its title. 2. We will write a custom essay sample on Uses of Job Description or any similar topic only for you Order Now It serves as a guide in employee recruitment, selection, and placement. 3. It establishes proper relationship between one job and the others within the same salary bracket. 4. It facilitates comparisons with similar jobs in other firms for purposes of wage surveys. 5. It serves as a guide in the organization and administration of a department, division, section, or unit. 6. It helps to form lines of promotion or transfer and to spot employees who need further training. . It contributes to the personal satisfaction of every individual employee with his job. Components of Job Design Job specialization Job expansion Psychological components Self-directed teams Motivation and incentive systems Ergonomics and work methods Job Specialization †¢ Involves o Breaking jobs into small component parts o Assigning specialists to do each part †¢ First noted by Adam Smith (1776) o Observed how workers in pin factory divided tasks into smaller components †¢ Found in manufacturing se rvice industries Job Specialization Often Reduces Cost †¢ Greater dexterity faster learning †¢ Less lost time changing jobs or tools †¢ Use more specialized tools †¢ Pay only for needed skills Job Expansion Process of adding more variety to jobs Intended to reduce boredom associated with labor specialization Methods o Job enlargement o Job enrichment o Job rotation o Employee empowerment Psychological Components of Job Design †¢ Individuals have values, attitudes, and emotions that affect job results o Example: Work is a social experience that affects belonging needs Effective worker behavior comes mostly from within the individual o Scientific management argued for external financial rewards †¢ First examined in ‘Hawthorne studies’ Self-Directed Teams Group of empowered individuals working together for a common goal May be organized for short-term or long-term objectives Reasons for effectiveness o Provide employee empowerment o Provide core job characteri stics o Meet psychological needs (e. g. , belonging) Motivation Worker performance depends on o Motivation o Ability o Work environment Motivation is the set of forces that compel behavior Money may serve as a psychological financial motivator Incentive systems o Measured daywork: Pay based on standard time o Piece rate: Pay based on pieces done Ergonomics and Work Methods Worker performance depends on o Motivation o Ability o Work environment Foundation laid by Frederick Taylor o Match employees to task o Develop work methods o Establish work standards Ergonomics Study of work Also called ‘human factors’ Involves human-machine interface Examples o Mouse o Keyboard How to cite Uses of Job Description, Papers

Public Health Policy and Society Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Public Health Policy and Society. Answer: Introduction A brief introduction to public health policy and society Public health policies are those policies that intend to define procedures and guidelines that are used to govern or allocate resources towards attainment a particular goal in health. Public health policy is the interplay of factors such as politics, power and public interest that influence government allocation of resources to the public. Public policy is a normal product of government strategic goal intended to better health care with Australia or to a specific community. Health policies are always intended to a particular society, for instance, indigenous communities living in Australia. Since coming into office the government of Australia through the ministry of health has developed many health policies that aim to better service provision, improve healthcare or target specific disadvantage group of people within Australia. For instance, one of the public health policies developed through the ministry of health is rural healthcare policy with focus on indigenous marginal communit ies such as Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people. The following essay seeks to explore the importance of policy for health and example of health policies within Australia. Rural And Remote Healthcare Policy One of the government of Australian health priority include focusing on rural healthcare initiative that concentrate on marginalized communities such as Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities (Rickards, 2011). This is due to poor health conditions that these communities lives in yet currently the government through various healthcare initiative has been reaching these people in their rural areas. Rural and remote healthcare policy has been the key pillar for Shed initiative at Mt Druitt and healthcare promotions that are seen across the country. Statistics show that there is improvement since the inception of rural and remote healthcare policy in Australia through the ministry of health (Britnell, 2015). Rural and remote healthcare policy ensures those communities living within remote areas are reached for the purpose of better healthcare. What is health Health refers to the state of competency within the physical, mental and social wellness without infirmity or disease. According to WHO, health is dynamic conditions arising from body adaptation and adjusting to the changing environment and stress through maintenance of equilibrium. This definition gives the relationship between human body and the environment through interaction. Adapting to changes may be due to challenging physical, mental or social challenges which in a broad sense leading to health challenges. In this sense, environmental and body interaction play a critical role in the health status of an individual since the two are related to socio-economic conditions a phenomenon called Salutogenesis. In addition, dynamic conditions people live in may include social and economic conditions such as housing, employment status and access to food or education (Golembiewski, 2012). Health interaction with the environment Salutogenesis refers to those factors that encourage or foster wellness and health in an individual. Salutogenesis may include interacting with things that are part of environment people live in and highly require proper handling to turn them into good healthy things. For instance, the way an individual reacts to various factors in the environment one lives in will determines the wellness and the health status of that individual. This association particularly called health environment interaction. In addition, health interaction with environment allows those people especially men to draw nourishing for life from activities they do and the environment they lives in (Lindmark, Wagman, Whlin Rolander, 2016). Salutogenesis approach is used to address social determinant of the health of Aboriginal men in Mt Druitt. Within this community, the environment that these men live has a direct influence on the health status especially depression leading to death. The characteristic of environment that Aboriginal men live in has massive cultural influence and this is connected to the health status of these marginalized men. The cultural influence as an environment interacts with the living conditions of men leading to health status. The pride that forms the basis of the culture of Aboriginal men is highly affected by racism, incarceration, job, economic and housing insecurity leading to depression among men hence increasing the number of suicide (Lindmark, Wagman, Whlin Rolander, 2016). Social determinants of health According to WHO social determinants of health refer to life conditions under which people are born, grow, work or life and contributes to the conditions of their daily life. Some of the common determinants of health include economic policies and systems, social norms, development agendas, social policies and political systems. To make it more understandable WHO further categories this determinant into five categories that include economic stability, education, social and community context, health and healthcare and neighborhood and built environment (Pega Veale, 2015). Firstly, economic stability determines some social conditions that may include the employment of citizens, housing instability, food insecurity and poverty level within the society. Secondly, education as a social determinant of health determines the language literacy, early childhood education, the number of those people enrolling for higher education. Thirdly, social community context as number three determinant en tails discrimination, civic participation, incarceration and social cohesion within the society (Pega et al, 2017). Fourthly, health and healthcare as a social determinant of health include access to healthcare, health literacy and above all access to primary care. Finally, neighborhood and built environment is listed as the final social determinant and composes of crime and violence, environmental conditions, quality housing and access to food that support healthy eating patterns (Bahrer-Kohler, 2012). Life course perspective Life course perspective is the strategy that studies the effect of life experience on the health status of the individual in the society. Life course approach aims at the distribution of health experience across the lifespan as a way of maintains healthy conditions. Under this initiative, two factors are focused that include economic and social conditions of life that are key social determinants of health. Studies of economic and social conditions effect on health show the correlation of these life factors to certain health disorders witnessed in society today. For instance, childhood and adulthood economic or social conditions are directly related to some disorders such as diabetes, especially in adult life. Cumulative effects of course life experience at particular life stage, for instance, early childhood experience has a high effect on the later date health status (Raphael, 2010). What is policy and what is health policy What is the policy? Policy can broadly be defined as the principle of action proposed or adopted by the organization or individuals. The policy is associated with power, politics and public benefits during resources allocation or decision making. The policy is part of governance and assists in objective decision making in terms of procedure and protocols used within public organizations. In this sense, the policy does not restrict behaviors as laws yet policies guide the decision making and give the direction for implementation of procedures or protocols. The impact of policy can be felt in two different ways and these are intended effect and unintended effects. Firstly, intended effects refer to the positive intention that leads to formulate the policy. For instance, free health policies intend to better healthcare and this is the intended effect once implemented. Secondly, unintended effects refer to the negative effects of a policy that may arise from complexity with the area of implementations. For instance, the negative effect of free maternity policies for the country may lead to a reduction of cost related to maternity within the country (Raphael, 2014). What is health policy? Health policy generally refers to decisions, actions, and plans that are carried out to achieve healthcare goals within the community. Health policy can be viewed in terms of roles played by politics and power. Health policy interacts with numerous factors to contribute to success or failure of health system within the country. Politics as an ingredient for health policy massively influence the design, emergence, execution, and evaluation of health policy (Cummins, 2011). Firstly, politics and power determine processes in health governance of healthcare facilities. Secondly, politics play a critical role in the development of health policies within the country. Thirdly, politics also contribute to the evaluation of the health policies and this is also part of healthcare governance (Kajang, 2015). What can policy do improve healthcare The role of policy is inevitable within the healthcare of the country contribute greatly to improve or diminish healthcare. A major focus is based on the role of policy in improving healthcare. Firstly, policy help aligns healthcare at the top of the priority and this highly contributes to the improvement of healthcare in terms of resource allocation. Favorable healthcare policies improve the health of the country (Garathy, Stuart McNally, 2016). For instance, government policy that gives health priority to the indigenous communities such as Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander improves health among these marginalized communities. Secondly, policies streamline the resource use within the healthcare leading to proper utilization of available resources for the improvement of healthcare. Thirdly, policies determine the health assessment criteria that is key to improving the effectiveness of healthcare in Australia (Buse, Mays Walt, 2012). Aboriginal Health by Mr. Shed Shed focus on the health status of marginalized or disadvantage men that include men from indigenous community of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander men. In addition, the community initiative also considers unemployed men, new dads, separated men, incarcerated men and those men who are at the risk due to stress in life. These factors highly contribute to mens poor health status with others reportedly commit suicide due to stress and depression. Sheds identify some of the other factors that affect the indigenous mens health such as contemporary structural and social factors education, employment, access to service, a social network connection with land, racism and increasing imprisonment of men from these communities (Macdonald Welsh, 2012). Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander are selected since they form part of marginalized men and studies show that among those men committing suicide, indigenous men from these communities form the largest number. More specifically, Shed tries to address social determinants of male suicide and these include physical health, mental health, socio-economic factors, oral health, housing and cultural wellbeing. Firstly, mental health highly contributes to a large number of depression witnessed in indigenous men leading to suicide. Secondly, housing is another negative determinant of health among men since indecency housing highly results in poor health of men in this area (Hicks Maldonado, 2016). Cultural wellbeing positively affects mens life and is associated feeling connected to cultural practices of these indigenous people. Oral health is another health issue that is addressed in Shed since poor oral health is connected to discomfort and this makes many men feel stressed up (Australia n Indigenous HealthInfoNet 2012). However, some of the social determinants that lead to better life among those male include love, meaningful work, and position in society, religious faith and belonging (Berkman Kawachi, 2014). Love is one of the ingredients that better the lives of these indigenous particularly the feeling of being loved and cared for. Position in the society is another element that highly contributes to the wellness of among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander men. The sense of belonging is another critical aspect of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander more so feeling of being part of their culture. In addition, forming part their religious faith is connected to the health status of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander men. Finally, meaningful work is also factors that are lifeline making the life of indigenous men's life better (Macdonald, 2010). Social Gradient: a basic social determinant of health Social determinants refer to those economic and social conditions and the impact of these factors in determining an individual or group of individuals health status. Social determinants are associated with health outcome and public policy. Some of the basic social determinants of health are a social gradient, stress, education, early life, social inclusion/exclusion, employment, income, social support, addiction, transport, and race. Education is a social determinant of health since education affects the knowledge about health and poor education is associated with poor health conditions. Secondly, early life and all the challenges that affect the early life of an individual affect their adult life. Early life determines the emotional health of the adult. Unemployment is associated with poor health and premature death since these individuals are unable to resist mental stress connected with unemployment (Braveman Gottlieb, 2014). Income or earning is another social indicator for health since income is correlated to health status and socio-economic status of an individual in the society they live in. Food and nutrition is an important social determinant of health since malnutrition is connected to poor health while good nutrition attracts good health. Addition to alcohol and other drugs affected health greatly; these results in poor health of an addict and results in health inequalities as compared to those do not take illicit drugs. Social exclusion is connected to poverty in the society and this is due to exclusion in the community resulting in premature death of many excluded individuals. Stress is another important social determinant of health since long-term stress is connected to psychological and mental problems that also result in premature death or poor health in general (Knaus, 2016). Social gradient The social gradient is the inequalities in social status that arise for the social status difference in the population. According to Braverman, Egerter, and William (2011), an individuals social and economic status highly influences their health status in the society. Social gradient cut across the society and can be classified as most and the list disadvantage in the health ladder. Health disadvantages are classified as an upper middle disadvantage and lower middle disadvantage health gradient. Firstly, upper middle disadvantage includes those highly disadvantage in health throughout the society. The lower disadvantage is individuals that least disadvantage in health as compared to other grouped within the health social gradient (Simandan, 2018). Social gradient health disadvantage can also be classified as either absolute or relative in the society. Firstly, absolute health disadvantage is where individuals have no access to health education; there is unemployment and poor living condition that contribute to poor health conditions in the society. Secondly, relative health disadvantage in the society is where an individuals has access to poor education, insecure employment, and relatively poor health conditions. The disadvantage in life may moves according to transition in life gradient within the society and people are influenced by their past health disadvantage (Council of Civil Service Union, 2004). For instance, poor childhood economic and social conditions are often associated with late adulthood health disorders. Conclusion In conclusion, policy plays an important role in governance and resource allocation within every sector to the government or organization. Health policies are, therefore, statements of intends that aim at directing the resource allocation and definition of procedures or protocols used in healthcare provision. There are social determinants of health that are directly or indirectly related to the health conditions of an individual or a group of individuals. Social and economic conditions of life are an aspect of life course perspective approach that is used to determine life disorders. One example of public health policy is rural and remote healthcare service focusing on marginalized communities of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander. The environment these people live in determines the health status of these people a phenomenon called Salutogenesis. References Australian Indigenous HealthInfoNet (2012). Overview of Australian Indigenous Health status, 2013 (pp 1-15) Available at: Braverman, P., Egerter, S. William, D.R. (2011). The social determinant of health: Coming of Age Annual Review of Public Health vol. 32: 381-389 Bahrer-Kohler, S. (Eds). (2012). Social Determinant and Mental Health. New York: Nova Science Publishers Britnell, M. (2015). In Search of the Perfect Health System. London: Palgrave. p.53. Berkman, L.F. Kawachi, I. (2014). Social Epidemiology. 2nd edition. Oxford, OUP Braveman, P. Gottlieb, L., (2014). The social determinants of health: it's time to consider the causes of the causes. Public health reports, 129(1_suppl2), pp.19-31. Buse, K. Mays, N. Walt, G. (2012), The Health Policy Framework: In making health policy. Open University Press Chapter 1. Page 4-8 Council of Civil Service Union/ Cabinet Office, (2004). Work Stress and Health: The Whitehall studies II. Available at: Cummins, L. K. (2011). Policy Practice for Social Workers: New Strategies for a New Era. Pearson. Erikson, M Lindstrom, B. (2008). A Salutogenesis Interpretation of Ottawa Charter, Health Promotion International, 23(2): 190-199 Garathy, S. Stuart, R. McNally, L. ABC News (8th December 2016). Sydney lockout laws relaxed as part of a two-year trial, opinion divided whether the change is enough. Available at: Golembiewski, J.A. (June 2012). Moving from theory to praxis on the fly; Introducing a salutogenic method to expedite mental healthcare provision. The Australian Journal of Emergency Management, 27 (2): 4247. Hicks, D.L.; Hicks, J.H. Maldonado, B. (January 2016). Women as policymakers and donors: female legislators and foreign aid. European Journal of Political Economy. Elsevier, 41: 4660. doi:10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2015.10.007 Kajang, Y.G (2015). Indices that can ensure the Health Security of Children in Nigeria (PDF). International Journal of Information Research and Review, 2: 371375. Knaus, C. (December 2016).The Guardian: lockout laws, mike baird announce relaxation are enough. Available at: Lindmark, U. Wagman, P., Whlin, C., Rolander, B. (2016). Workplace health in dental care a salutogenic approach. International Journal of Dental Hygiene, DOI:10.1111/idh.12257 Macdonald, J. Welsh, R. (2012). The Shed at Mt Druitt and the social determinants of Aboriginal Mens Health. Available at: Macdonald, J. J. (2010). Health equity and the social determinants of health in Australia, Social Alternative, 29(2), 34-40 Macdonald, J.J. (2005). The environment for health: A Salutogenesis approach. London, Sterling, VA: Earthscan. Pp 79-85 Marmot, M. (2005). The social determinant of health inequities, Lancet; 365: 1099-104 Pega, F. Veale, J. (2015). The case for the World Health Organization's Commission on Social Determinants of Health to address gender identity. American Journal of Public Health, 105 (3): e5862. Doi:10.2105/ajph.2014.302373 Pega, F.; Valentine, N.; Rasanathan, K.; Hosseinpoor, A.R. Neira, M. (2017). The need to monitor actions on the social determinants of health. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 95 (11): 784787. Available at: https://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/95/11/16-184622/en/ Raphael, D. (2014). Beyond policy analysis: The raw politics behind opposition to the healthy public policy. Health Promotion International, 30: 38096. doi:10.1093/heapro/dau044 Raphael, D. (2010). Staying Alive: Critical Perspectives on Health, Illness, and Health Care. Canada: Canadian Scholars Press. p.159. Rickards, L. (2011). Rural health: problems, prevention and positive outcomes, in H. Sykes (ed.), Health, Albert Park, Vic., Future Leaders, pp.149-173, Simandan, D., (2018). Rethinking the health consequences of social class and social mobility: Social Science Medicine. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.11.037 Wilkison, R. Marmot, M. {Eds.} (2003). Social determinants of health: the solid facts (2nd ed.). Copenhagen: Centre for Urban Health World Health Organization

Maxima And Minima Of The Function Engineering Essay Essay Example

Maxima And Minima Of The Function Engineering Essay Essay This term paper nowadayss concise accounts of the topic s general rules and uses worked illustrations freely to spread out the thoughts about work outing the jobs by suited methods. Each illustration shows the method of obtaining the solution and includes extra explanatory techniques. For some subjects, where it would hold been hard to understand a solution given on a individual job, the solution has been drawn in bit-by-bit signifier. All the figures used have been taken from Google Book hunt. The term paper covers the necessary definitions on MAXIMA AND MINIMA OF THE FUNCTIONS and some of its of import applications. It covers the subject such as types of other method for work outing the large job in a cutoff method known. The facets of how to develop some of the most normally seen jobs is besides covered in this term paper. The motivation of this term paper is do the reader familiar with the constructs of application of upper limit and lower limit of the map and We will write a custom essay sample on Maxima And Minima Of The Function Engineering Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Maxima And Minima Of The Function Engineering Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Maxima And Minima Of The Function Engineering Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer where this is used. Focus has been more on taking the simpler job so ( 2 ) that the construct could be made clearer even to the novices to technology mathematics. MAXIMA AND MINIMA Definition In mathematics, a point x*is a local maximumof a map fif there exists some I µ gt ; 0such that degree Fahrenheit ( x* ) a†°? degree Fahrenheit ( ten ) for all xwith |x-x*| lt ; I µ . Stated less officially, a local upper limit is a point where the map takes on its largest value among all points in the immediate locality. On a graph of a map, its local upper limit will look like the tops of hills. A local minimumis a point x*for which degree Fahrenheit ( x* ) a†°Ã‚ ¤ degree Fahrenheit ( ten ) for all xwith |x-x*| lt ; I µ . On a graph of a map, its local lower limit will look like the undersides of vales. A planetary maximumis a point x*for which degree Fahrenheit ( x* ) a†°? degree Fahrenheit ( ten ) for all x. Similarly, a planetary minimumis a point x*for which degree Fahrenheit ( x* ) a†°Ã‚ ¤ degree Fahrenheit ( ten ) for all x. Any planetary upper limit ( minimal ) is besides a local upper limit ( minimal ) ; nevertheless, a local upper limit or minimal demand non besides be a planetary upper limit or lower limit. The constructs of upper limit and lower limits are non restricted to maps whose sphere is the existent Numberss. One can speak about planetary upper limit and planetary lower limit for real-valued maps whose sphere is any set. In order to be able to specify local upper limit and local lower limit, the map needs to take existent values, and the construct of vicinity must be defined on the sphere of the map. A vicinity so plays the function of the set of tens such that |x x*| lt ; I µ . One refers to a local maximum/minimum as to a local extreme point ( or local optimum ) , and to a planetary maximum/minimum as to a planetary extreme point ( or planetary optimum ) . LOCAL MAXIMA AND MINIMA Functions can hold hills and vales : topographic points where they reach a lower limit or maximal value. It may non be the lower limit or upper limit for the whole map, but locally it is. You can see where they are, but how do we specify them? Local Maximum First we need to take an interval: Then we can state that a local upper limit is the point where: The tallness of the map at a is greater than ( or be to ) the tallness anyplace else in that interval. Or, more briefly: degree Fahrenheit ( a ) a†°? degree Fahrenheit ( ten ) for all x in the interval In other words, there is no tallness greater than degree Fahrenheit ( a ) . Note: degree Fahrenheit ( a ) should be inside the interval, non at one terminal or the other. Local Minimum Similarly, a local lower limit is: degree Fahrenheit ( a ) a†°Ã‚ ¤ degree Fahrenheit ( ten ) for all x in the interval The plural of Maximum is Maxima The plural of Minimum is Minima Maxima and Minima are jointly called Extreme point Global ( or Absolute ) Maximum and Minimum The upper limit or lower limit over the full map is called an Absolute or Global upper limit or lower limit. There is merely one planetary upper limit ( and one planetary lower limit ) but there can be more than one local upper limit or lower limit. A Assumingthis map continues downwards to left and right: The Global Maximum is about 3.7 The Global Minimum is -Infinity A Maxima and Minima of Functions of Two Variables Locate comparative upper limit, lower limit and saddle points of maps of two variables. Several illustrations with elaborate solutions are presented. three-dimensional graphs of maps are shown to corroborate the being of these points. More on Optimization Problems with Functions of Two Variables in this web site. Theorem Let f be a map with two variables with uninterrupted 2nd order partial derivativesfxx, fyyand fxyat a critical point ( a, B ) . Let D = fxx ( a, B ) fyy ( a, B ) fxy2 ( a, B ) If D gt ; 0 and fxx ( a, B ) gt ; 0, so degree Fahrenheit has a comparative lower limit at ( a, B ) . If D gt ; 0 and fxx ( a, B ) lt ; 0, so degree Fahrenheit has a comparative upper limit at ( a, B ) . If D lt ; 0, so degree Fahrenheit has a saddle point at ( a, B ) . If D = 0, so no decision can be drawn. We now present several illustrations with elaborate solutions on how to turn up comparative lower limit, upper limit and saddle points of maps of two variables. When excessively many critical points are found, the usage of a tabular array is really convenient. Example 1: Determine the critical points and turn up any comparative lower limit, upper limit and saddle points of map degree Fahrenheits defined by degree Fahrenheit ( x, y ) = 22+ 2xy + 2y2- 6x . Solution to Example 1: Find the first partial derived functions fxand fy. fx ( x, y ) = 4x + 2y 6 fy ( x, y ) = 2x + 4y The critical points satisfy the equations fx ( x, y ) = 0 and fy ( x, y ) = 0 at the same time. Hence. 4x + 2y 6 = 0 2x + 4y = 0 The above system of equations has one solution at the point ( 2, -1 ) . We now need to happen the 2nd order partial derived functions fxx ( x, y ) , fyy ( x, y ) and fxy ( x, Y ) . fxx ( x, y ) = 4 fxx ( x, y ) = 4 fxy ( x, y ) = 2 We now need to happen D defined above. D = fxx ( 2, -1 ) fyy ( 2, -1 ) fxy2 ( 2, -1 ) = ( 4 ) ( 4 ) 22= 12 Since D is positive and fxx ( 2, -1 ) is besides positive, harmonizing to the above theorem map degree Fahrenheit has a local lower limit at ( 2, -1 ) . The three-dimensional graph of map degree Fahrenheit given above shows that f has a local lower limit at the point ( 2, -1, degree Fahrenheit ( 2, -1 ) ) = ( 2, -1, -6 ) . Example 2: Determine the critical points and turn up any comparative lower limit, upper limit and saddle points of map degree Fahrenheits defined by degree Fahrenheit ( x, y ) = 22- 4xy + y4+ 2 . Solution to Example 2: Find the first partial derived functions fxand fy. fx ( x, y ) = 4x 4y fy ( x, y ) = 4x + 4y3 Determine the critical points by work outing the equations fx ( x, y ) = 0 and fy ( x, y ) = 0 at the same time. Hence. 4x 4y = 0 4x + 4y3= 0 The first equation gives x = y. Substitute ten by Y in the equation 4x + 4y3= 0 to obtain. 4y + 4y3= 0 Factor and solve for Y. 4y ( -1 + y2 ) = 0 Y = 0, y = 1 and y = -1 We now use the equation x = Y to happen the critical points. ( 0, 0 ) , ( 1, 1 ) and ( -1, -1 ) We now determine the 2nd order partial derived functions. fxx ( x, y ) = 4 fyy ( x, y ) = 12y2 fxy ( x, y ) = -4 We now use a tabular array to analyze the marks of D and fxx ( a, B ) and utilize the above theorem to make up ones mind on whether a given critical point is a saddle point, comparative upper limit or lower limit. critical point ( a, B ) ( 0,0 ) ( 1,1 ) ( -1,1 ) fxx ( a, B ) 4 4 4 fyy ( a, B ) 0 12 12 fxy ( a, B ) -4 -4 -4 Calciferol -16 32 32 saddle point comparative lower limit comparative lower limit A three-dimensional graph of map degree Fahrenheit shows that degree Fahrenheit has two local lower limits at ( -1, -1,1 ) and ( 1,1,1 ) and one saddle point at ( 0,0,2 ) . Example 3: Determine the critical points and turn up any comparative lower limit, upper limit and saddle points of map degree Fahrenheits defined by degree Fahrenheit ( x, y ) = x4- y4+ 4xy . Solution to Example 3: First partial derived functions fxand fyare given by. fx ( x, y ) = 43+ 4y fy ( x, y ) = 4y3+ 4x We now solve the equations fy ( x, y ) = 0 and fx ( x, y ) = 0 to happen the critical points.. 43+ 4y = 0 4y3+ 4x = 0 The first equation gives y = x3. Combined with the 2nd equation, we obtain. 4 ( x3 ) 3+ 4x = 0 Which may be written as. ten ( x4- 1 ) ( x4+ 1 ) = 0 Which has the solutions. ten = 0, -1 and 1. We now use the equation Y = x3to find the critical points. ( 0, 0 ) , ( 1, 1 ) and ( -1, -1 ) We now determine the 2nd order partial derived functions. fxx ( x, y ) = -122 The First Derivative: Maxima and Minima See the map degree Fahrenheit ( x ) =3x4a?’4x3a?’122+3A on the interval [ a?’23 ] . We can non happen parts of which degree Fahrenheit is increasing or decreasing, comparative upper limit or lower limit, or the absolute upper limit or minimal value of degree Fahrenheit on [ a?’23 ] by review. Graphing by manus is boring and imprecise. Even the usage of a charting plan will merely give us an estimate for the locations and values of upper limit and lower limit. We can utilize the first derived function of degree Fahrenheit, nevertheless, to happen all these things rapidly and easy. Increasing or Decreasing? Let f be uninterrupted on an interval I and differentiable on the inside of I. If f ( x ) 0 for all xI, so degree Fahrenheit is increasing on I. If f ( x ) 0 for all xI, so degree Fahrenheit is diminishing on I. Example The map degree Fahrenheit ( x ) =3x4a?’4x3a?’122+3 has foremost derivative degree Fahrenheit ( x ) A =A =A =A 12x3a?’12x2a?’24xA 12x ( x2a?’xa?’2 ) A 12x ( x+1 ) ( xa?’2 ) A A Thus, degree Fahrenheit ( ten ) is increasing on ( a?’10 ) ( 2 ) and diminishing on ( a?’a?’1 ) ( 02 ) . Relative Maxima and Minima Relative extreme point of f occur at critical points of degree Fahrenheit, values x0 for which either degree Fahrenheit ( x0 ) =0 or degree Fahrenheit ( x0 ) is vague. First Derivative Trial Suppose degree Fahrenheit is uninterrupted at a critical point x0. If f ( x ) 0 on an unfastened interval widening left from x0 and degree Fahrenheit ( x ) 0 on an unfastened interval widening right from x0, so degree Fahrenheit has a comparative upper limit at x0. If f ( x ) 0 on an unfastened interval widening left from x0 and degree Fahrenheit ( x ) 0 on an unfastened interval widening right from x0, so degree Fahrenheit has a comparative lower limit at x0. If f ( ten ) has the same mark on both an unfastened interval widening left from x0 and an unfastened interval widening right from x0, so degree Fahrenheit does non hold a comparative extreme point at x0. In drumhead, comparative extreme point occur where degree Fahrenheit ( x ) changes mark. Example Our map degree Fahrenheit ( x ) =3x4a?’4x3a?’122+3 is differentiable everyplace on [ a?’23 ] , with degree Fahrenheit ( x ) =0 for x=a?’102. These are the three critical points of degree Fahrenheit on [ a?’23 ] . By the First Derivative Test, degree Fahrenheit has a comparative upper limit at x=0 and comparative lower limit at x=a?’1 and x=2. Absolute Maxima and Minima If f has an utmost value on an unfastened interval, so the utmost value occurs at a critical point of degree Fahrenheit. If f has an utmost value on a closed interval, so the utmost value occurs either at a critical point or at an end point. Harmonizing to the Extreme Value Theorem, if a map is uninterrupted on a closed interval, so it achieves both an absolute upper limit and an absolute lower limit on the interval. Example Since degree Fahrenheit ( x ) =3x4a?’4x3a?’122+3 is uninterrupted on [ a?’23 ] , degree Fahrenheit must hold an absolute upper limit and an absolute lower limit on [ a?’23 ] . We merely necessitate to look into the value of degree Fahrenheit at the critical points x=a?’102 and at the end points x=a?’2 and x=3: degree Fahrenheit ( a?’2 ) A degree Fahrenheit ( a?’1 ) A degree Fahrenheit ( 0 ) A degree Fahrenheit ( 2 ) A degree Fahrenheit ( 3 ) A =A =A =A =A =A 35A a?’2A 3A a?’29A 30A A Thus, on [ a?’23 ] , degree Fahrenheit ( x ) achieves a maximal value of 35 at x=a?’2 and a minimal value of -29 at x=2. We have discovered a batch about the form of degree Fahrenheit ( x ) =3x4a?’4x3a?’122+3 without of all time charting it! Now take a expression at the graph and verify each of our decisions. Application The footings upper limit and lower limit refer to extreme values of a map, that is, the upper limit and lower limit values that the map attains. Maximal means upper edge or largest possible measure. The absolute upper limit of a map is the largest figure contained in the scope of the map. That is, if f ( a ) is greater than or equal to f ( ten ) , for all x in the sphere of the map, so degree Fahrenheit ( a ) is the absolute upper limit. For illustration, the map degree Fahrenheit ( x ) = -162 + 32x + 6 has a maximal value of 22 happening at x = 1. Every value of x produces a value of the map that is less than or equal to 22, hence, 22 is an absolute upper limit. In footings of its graph, the absolute upper limit of a map is the value of the map that corresponds to the highest point on the graph. Conversely, lower limit agencies lower edge or least possible measure. The absolute lower limit of a map is the smallest figure in its scope and corresponds to the value of the map at the lo west point of its graph. If f ( a ) is less than or equal to f ( ten ) , for all x in the sphere of the map, so degree Fahrenheit ( a ) is an absolute lower limit. As an illustration, degree Fahrenheit ( x ) = 322 32x 6 has an absolute lower limit of -22, because every value of x produces a value greater than or equal to -22. In some instances, a map will hold no absolute upper limit or lower limit. For case the map degree Fahrenheit ( x ) = 1/x has no absolute upper limit value, nor does degree Fahrenheits ( ten ) = -1/x have an absolute lower limit. In still other instances, maps may hold comparative ( or local ) upper limit and lower limit. Relative means comparative to local or nearby values of the map. The footings relative upper limit and comparative lower limit refer to the largest, or least, value that a map takes on over some little part or interval of its sphere. Therefore, if f ( B ) is greater than or equal to f ( b A ± H ) for little values of H, so degree Fahrenheit ( B ) is a local upper limit ; if degree Fahrenheit ( B ) is less than or equal to f ( b A ± H ) , so degree Fahrenheit ( B ) is a comparative lower limit. For illustration, the map degree Fahrenheit ( x ) = x4 -123 582 + 180x + 225 has two comparative lower limit ( points A and C ) , one of which is besides the absolute low er limit ( indicate C ) of the map. It besides has a comparative upper limit ( point B ) , but no absolute upper limit. Finding the upper limit and lower limit, both absolute and comparative, of assorted maps represents an of import category of jobs solvable by usage of differential concretion. The theory behind happening maximal and minimal values of a map is based on the fact that the derived function of a map is equal to the incline of the tangent. When the values of a map addition as the value of the independent variable additions, the lines that are tangent to the graph of the map have positive incline, and the map is said to be increasing. Conversely, when the values of the map lessening with increasing values of the independent variable, the tangent lines have negative incline, and the map is said to be diminishing. Precisely at the point where the map alterations from increasing to diminishing or from diminishing to increasing, the tangent line is horizontal ( has slope 0 ) , and the derivative is zero. ( With mention to calculate 1, the map is diminishing to the left of point A, every bit goo d as between points B and C, and increasing between points A and B and to the right of point C ) . In order to happen maximal and minimal points, foremost happen the values of the independent variable for which the derived function of the map is zero, so replace them in the original map to obtain the corresponding upper limit or minimal values of the map. Second, inspect the behaviour of the derivative to the left and right of each point. If the derivative Figure 1. Illustration by Hans A ; Cassidy. Courtesy of Gale Group. is negative on the left and positive on the right, the point is a lower limit. If the derived function is positive on the left and negative on the right, the point is a maximal. Equivalently, find the 2nd derived function at each value of the independent variable that corresponds to a upper limit or lower limit ; if the 2nd derived function is positive, the point is a lower limit, if the 2nd derived function is negative the point is a maximal. A broad assortment of jobs can be solved by happening maximal or minimal values of maps. For illustration, say it is desired to maximise the country of a rectangle inscribed in a hemicycle. The country of the rectangle is given by A = 2xy. The hemicycle is given by x2 + y2 = r2, for Y a†°? 0, where R is the radius. To simplify the mathematics, note that A and A2 are both maximal for the same values of ten and Y, which occurs when the corner of the rectangle intersects the hemicycle, that is, when y2 = r2 x2. Therefore, we must happen a maximal value of the map A2 = 42 ( r2 -x2 ) = 4r2x2 44. The needed status is that the derivative be equal to zero, that is, vitamin D ( A2 ) /dx = 8r2x 163 = 0. This occurs when x = 0 or when ten = 1a?„2 ( R a?s +2 ) . Clearly the country is a maximal when x = 1a?„2 ( R a?s +2 ) . Substitution of this value into the equation of the hemicycle gives y = 1a?„2 ( R a?s +2 ) , that is, y = ten. Therefore, the maximal country of a r ectangle inscribed in a hemicycle is A = 2xy = r2. There are legion practical applications in which it is desired to happen the upper limit or minimal value of a peculiar measure. Such applications exist in economic sciences, concern, and technology. Many can be solved utilizing the methods of differential concretion described above. For illustration, in any fabrication concern it is normally possible to show net income as a map of the figure of units sold. Finding a upper limit for this map represents a straightforward manner of maximising net incomes. In other instances, the form of a container may be determined by minimising the sum of stuff required to fabricate it. The design of shrieking systems is frequently based on minimising force per unit area bead which in bend minimizes required pump sizes and reduces cost. The forms of steel beams are based on maximising strength. Finding upper limit or lower limit besides has of import applications in additive algebra and game theory. For illustration, additive programming consists of maximising ( or minimising ) a peculiar measure while necessitating that certain restraints be imposed on other measures. The measure to be maximized ( or minimized ) , every bit good as each of the restraints, is represented by an equation or inequality. The ensuing system of equations or inequalities, normally additive, frequently contains 100s or 1000s of variables. The thought is to happen the maximal value of a peculiar variable that represents a solution to the whole system. A practical illustration might be minimising the cost of bring forthing an car given certain known restraints on the cost of each portion, and the clip spent by each labourer, all of which may be mutualist. Regardless of the application, though, the cardinal measure in any upper limit or lower limit job is showing the job in mathematical footings. FINDING THE MAXIMA AND MINIMA OF THE FUNCTION WITH CONSTRAINED CONDITIOIN Lagrange s Method of Multipiers. Let F ( x, Y, omega ) and I ¦ ( x, Y, omega ) be maps defined over some part R of infinite. Find the points at which the map F ( x, Y, omega ) has maximums and lower limits subject to the side status I ¦ ( x, Y, omega ) = 0. Lagrange s method for work outing this job consists of organizing a 3rd map G ( x, Y, omega ) given by 17 ) A A A A A A G ( x, Y, omega ) = F ( x, Y, omega ) + I »I ¦ ( x, Y, omega ) , where I » is a changeless ( i.e. a parametric quantity ) to which we will subsequently delegate a value, and so happening the upper limit and lower limit of the map G ( x, Y, omega ) . A reader might rapidly inquire, Of what involvement are the upper limit and lower limit of the map G ( x, Y, omega ) ? How does this assist us work out the job of happening the upper limit and lower limit of F ( x, Y, omega ) ? The reply is that scrutiny of 17 ) shows that for those points matching to the solution set of I ¦ ( x, Y, omega ) = 0 the map G ( x, Y, omega ) is equal to the map F ( x, Y, omega ) since at those points equation 17 ) becomes A A A A A A A A A A A A G ( x, Y, omega ) = F ( x, Y, omega ) + I »I†¡0. Therefore, for the points on the surface I ¦ ( x, Y, omega ) = 0, maps F and G are equal so the upper limit and lower limit of G are besides the upper limit and lower limit of F. The process for happening the upper limit and lower limit of G ( x, Y, omega ) is as follows: We regard G ( x, Y, omega ) as a map of three independent variables and compose down the necessary conditions for a stationary point utilizing 1 ) above: 18 ) A A A A A A F1 + I »I ¦1 = 0A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A F2 + I »I ¦2 = 0A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A F3 + I »I ¦3 = 0 We so work out these three equations along with the equation of restraint I ¦ ( x, Y, omega ) = 0 to happen the values of the four measures x, Y, omega, I » . More than one point can be found in this manner and this will give us the locations of the stationary points. The upper limit and lower limit will be among the stationary points therefore found. Let us now observe something. If equations 18 ) are to keep at the same time, so it follows from the tierce of them that I » must hold the value A A A A A A A A A A A A If we substitute this value of I » into the first two equations of 18 ) we obtain A A A A A A A A A A A A F1I ¦3 F3I ¦1 = 0A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A F2I ¦3 F3I ¦2 = 0A or A We note that the two equations of 19 ) are identically the same conditions as 8 ) above for the old method. Therefore utilizing equations 19 ) along with the equation of restraint I ¦ ( x, Y, omega ) = 0 is precisely the same process as the old method in which we used equations 8 ) and the same restraint. One of the great advantages of Lagrange s method over the method of inexplicit maps or the method of direct riddance is that it enables us to avoid doing a pick of independent variables. This is sometimes really of import ; it permits the keeping of symmetricalness in a job where the variables enter symmetrically at the beginning. Lagrange s method can be used with maps of any figure of variables and any figure of restraints ( smaller than the figure of variables ) . In general, given a map F ( x1, x2, , xn ) of n variables and h side conditions I ¦1 = 0, I ¦2 = 0, . , I ¦h = 0, for which this map may hold a upper limit or lower limit, equate to zero the partial derived functions of the subsidiary map F + I »1I ¦1 + I »2I ¦2 + + I »hI ¦h with regard to x1, x2, , xn, sing I »1, I »2, .. , I »h as invariables, and work out these n equations at the same time with the given h side conditions, handling the I » s as terra incognitas to be eliminated. The parametric quantity I » in Lagrange s method is called Lagrange s multiplier.

Free Essays on Hospitality In Odyssey

Hospitality in the Odyssey Hospitality has played a large role in ancient Mycenaen society and is even evident in the writings of the time, as witnessed in Homer’s Odyssey. Hospitality reveals itself as a domineering factor in the way characters act and the way characters are treated in the Odyssey. One instance of the role of hospitality in the Odyssey occurs early on in the epic when Telemachus secretly set off to find Nestor. Upon first sight of Telemachus and Athene and without any inquiries about who they were, Nestor’s son Peisistratus invited them to the banquet that was in progress. It was not until after Telemachus and Athene had had their fill of food and gotten comfortable that they were asked who they were and where they came from. It seems to have been a common gesture of courtesy in ancient Greek culture to offer guests food and entertainment before attending to business. A second instance of hospitality at work in the Odyssey came in book six when Nausicaa found Odysseus on the shores of Scherie. Even though Odysseus must have appeared intimidating, or even monstrous, Nausicaa felt obligated to help. As was the case when Telemachus visited Nestor, food and drink was readily given to Odysseus shortly after his arrival at the palace. Even though Odysseus was a total stranger, he was still promised food, shelter, and a ride back to his homeland. These gestures of hospitality in the Odyssey were used as an instrument to tell the reader who were the protagonists and who were the antagonists. All of the good characters immediately took Odysseus or his son Telemachus into their homes and fed them. None of the antagonists in the story ever exhibited any form of hospitality towards Odysseus or Telemachus. In the Odyssey, the good offered hospitality, and the bad fed off of the hospitality of others. Hospitality seemed to play a major role in ancient Greek societies. Social status appears to have been determine... Free Essays on Hospitality In Odyssey Free Essays on Hospitality In Odyssey Hospitality in the Odyssey Hospitality has played a large role in ancient Mycenaen society and is even evident in the writings of the time, as witnessed in Homer’s Odyssey. Hospitality reveals itself as a domineering factor in the way characters act and the way characters are treated in the Odyssey. One instance of the role of hospitality in the Odyssey occurs early on in the epic when Telemachus secretly set off to find Nestor. Upon first sight of Telemachus and Athene and without any inquiries about who they were, Nestor’s son Peisistratus invited them to the banquet that was in progress. It was not until after Telemachus and Athene had had their fill of food and gotten comfortable that they were asked who they were and where they came from. It seems to have been a common gesture of courtesy in ancient Greek culture to offer guests food and entertainment before attending to business. A second instance of hospitality at work in the Odyssey came in book six when Nausicaa found Odysseus on the shores of Scherie. Even though Odysseus must have appeared intimidating, or even monstrous, Nausicaa felt obligated to help. As was the case when Telemachus visited Nestor, food and drink was readily given to Odysseus shortly after his arrival at the palace. Even though Odysseus was a total stranger, he was still promised food, shelter, and a ride back to his homeland. These gestures of hospitality in the Odyssey were used as an instrument to tell the reader who were the protagonists and who were the antagonists. All of the good characters immediately took Odysseus or his son Telemachus into their homes and fed them. None of the antagonists in the story ever exhibited any form of hospitality towards Odysseus or Telemachus. In the Odyssey, the good offered hospitality, and the bad fed off of the hospitality of others. Hospitality seemed to play a major role in ancient Greek societies. Social status appears to have been determine...

Research Methodology Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Methodology - Research Paper Example Introduction Violence in the schools is recognized to be one of the major issues in terms of social malpractice. Violence in the schools not only affects students in the processes of their learning and well-being but also has a long-term impact on their later life as well as achievements. Violence in the schools unfavorably affects the behavior of the victim students. There are various ways through which violence can be committed in schools. The most commonly identified school violence acts include bullying, gang violence, assault and slapping among others (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2012). The violent acts in schools may lead to homicide incidents and injuries which undesirably tend to influence the psychological as well as physical health of victim students. In this regard, certain procedures or methods should be adopted with the intention of mitigating the issue of violence in the schools. There are various research methodologies or approaches which can be used to recognize violent acts executed in schools and determine procedures on the basis of which these uncalled-for acts can be mitigated or prevented. The research methodologies or approaches which can be adopted in this proposed research study will assist in identifying violence in the schools and devising appropriate measures to eliminate or lessen these issues. There are various types of research approaches which include qualitative research method, quantitative research method, inductive approach and deductive approach. Moreover, these research approaches aid in drawing findings on the basis of the analysis of collected data. Data can be collected through two procedures which entail primary as well as secondary data collection methods (University of Bradford, 2012). Prevailing Preventive Measures in Place A number of school authorities have formulated various forms of prevention plans and procedures with the intention of averting or minimizing school violence. The various prevention plans which are formulated and implemented by schools are as follows: Developing Safe and Responsive School Climate Many authorities of schools have initiated and followed certain specific plans with the intention of offering better school climate for students. These schools have adopted classroom management and conflict resolution programs in order to mitigate violence. These programs have facilitated schools in providing better education and learning environment for students (Skiba, Boone, Fantanini, Wu, Strussell & Peterson, 1999). Early Identification and Early Intervention for Students At-Risk for Violence Administrators of schools and teachers should identify any possibilities related to violence at an early stage so that these issues can be mitigated promptly without any delay before the actual occurrence of violence. Upon the identification of any kind of alienated behaviors amid students, they should be offered with adequate mentoring as well as counseling supports in order to minimize or decrease their aggressive behavior. In this respect, the students are likely to develop a self-esteem and social manner (Skiba, Boone, Fantanini, Wu, Strussell & Peterson, 1999). Effective Responses to School Disruption or Crisis At the same time, many school authoritie

Wash Avenue Incorporated Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Wash Avenue Incorporated - Case Study Example Having worked in a car wash to support his college education, he has acquired the necessary skills and has always been inspired to put up his own company. To differentiate itself from other players, Wash Avenue will be located in the mall's garage and provide services while the customers shop. The company will officially be opening its first shop in Copley Place but plans to expand into other areas as soon as it gains popularity in the market. By locating in the malls, Wash Avenue hopes to develop a core competence in (1) extending quality car wash service and (2) utilizing the best available technologies in the market. In order to translate this into sustainable advantage, Wash Avenue will outline a unique process of giving "car make-overs" and ensure consistency. The company will also partner with the car wash technology expert Seven CarWash Romania Inc (2008) which will design and update its equipment. The US car wash industry is comprised of 14,000 full-service car washes accounting for US$5 billion in annual revenue (International Car Wash Association 2008). This huge market is still highly unsaturated and business organizations are still looking for ways where they can improve their service offerings. In this situational analysis, the PEST model will be used in order to fully understand all the opportunities, challenges, and issues which confront the industry players (Thomson 2002). This strategic management technique will enable Wash Avenue to identify the opportunities and threats in its external environment and respond to this by crafting appropriate marketing strategies. Political. The nature of car wash business makes it as a subject of legislations which varies from state to state. However, the theme of these regulations is often about the preservation of water and environment (International Car Wash Association 2008) . All car wash operators are required to manage and to use only a minimal amount of water during the process. Currently, as customers are also becoming more and more aware of social corporate responsibility, car wash operators are also pressured of rethinking their solid waste management practices in order to ensure sustainable development. Economic. The United States have entered a turning point in its economic history. From long been globally respected because of its economic hegemony, the nation is now threatened by economic slowdown (US Economic Crisis 2008). This situation is

PMP Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

PMP - Essay Example In this marketing plan, I have reflected on my qualifications in the hospitality industry that would advance the industry. I have also discussed my major strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats relating to this field. I have mentioned all the relevant skills and knowledge that I have acquired to ensure optimal success in the industry. If well read, it is work worthy to be acknowledged and appreciated as it clearly reflects all my skills, qualifications and knowledge relevant in the financial sector. I believe that with my expertise and experience, I can be an asset to the tourism industry. Introduction This marketing plan shows all my skills and qualifications relevant in the tourism industry. Tourism is an extremely crucial area in today’s world because of the increasing demand in the industry with many people trading world wide. As a matter of fact, the sector of the tourism in the world is one of most diversified, and this is evidenced by high level of advancement in the various sectors such as hotel, game parks and game reserves, museums, historical sites and archives among others. With this kind of developing world, it then means that people should be always fore sighted, and every time, be innovative so as to come up with more advanced tourist industries. I chose this sector because I have the knowledge and expertise with regard to it and fully familiar with it (Pink 18). In addition, I am passionate and have a lot of interest in the hospitality industry. By having hospitality knowledge, I can work anywhere in the world and advance the industry with my skills and talent. Also the hospitality industry offers flexible working hours and a good pay while still having fun. Business is a major concern today due to the increased trading activities all over the world. Such activities have led to the development of the hospitality which is universal making the largest job provider in the world. In the developed countries like U.S.A, it has created a large number of jobs compared to the developing countries. The quality of living has improved because of the hospitality industry. Also people have started recognizing the essence of the hospitality industry unlike in previous years. Creativity and innovation have really transformed the industry. Also, strong marketing campaigns such as promotions, advertising and public relations have led to the advancement of the hospitality industry. There is the issue of work permit that one should have in order to be legible to work in the tourism industry. Such legibility is an investment and requires capital. Therefore, failure to have it may disqualify you to work in the industry. This is the best chance, for me to venture in tourism filed because I made an application for donation by an international NGO and it promised to fund me after I take my proposal. I can then not pretend and waste this opportunity. I also want to venture now because I had been given out a proposal plan concerning the tourism industry in many processing companies when I orally informed them about my plan. Other companies have also requested me to propose the techniques applied in acquiring the tourism industry and this means a good cash and good experience, as well. Personal mission statement My core values are Integrity, Honesty, Dedication, creativity and Innovation, Efficiency and Effectiveness. My vision is to get the best from the

Application of Communication Theories | Reflection

Application of Communication Theories | Reflection Applying Communication Theories to the Career of a Graduate Student Alayna Naro Organizational Culture Theory Members of an organization create their own culture within that organization. The culture can come from ways members communicate with each other, rituals of the organization, and shared symbols within the organization. Each organization has a culture that is distinctly theirs and differs from the cultures of other organizations. Furthermore, organizational culture is not created overnight. An organization’s culture is something that forms over a period of time and is specific to the way of â€Å"living† within an organization. Since the fall of 2010, I have been a student of Mississippi State University. I began my academic career as an undergraduate student. The organizational culture I was a part of at that point in my life is a lot different than the organizational culture I am a part of now. As an undergraduate, I was familiar with a majority of my professors, but I did not necessarily extensively communicate with them. Now, as a graduate student, the organizational culture that I am most familiar is within the School of Human Sciences, where I am a graduate assistant as well as a full time student. The make-up of the organization is important when discussing its organizational culture. In the School of Human Sciences, the organizational make-up consists of a director, faculty members, staff members, and graduate assistants. All of these members, though they have different roles, are who establish the values and morals for the organization. By being active participants within the organization, the members help to create meaningful symbols within the organization. Symbols include verbal and nonverbal communication that is unique to a specific organization. The first type of symbol that can be seen within an organizational culture are physical symbols. Physical symbols consists of designs, logos, dà ©cor, and material objects. Within the School of Human Sciences, we have certain symbols that express the culture house in our organization. The School of Human Sciences has a specific logo that we place on key chains, shirts, pens, and other items to market our department. Even our building, Lloyd Ricks-Watson, is a physical symbol that houses us all under one roof. The second type of symbol that can be seen within an organizational culture are behavioral symbols. Behavioral symbols are things such as ceremonies, rituals, or traditions that are specific to that organization. In the School of Human Sciences we have plenty of behavioral symbols that we continuously participate in. Every fall semester, there is a welcome back tailgate for students, faculty, and staff. In the spring, there is a chili supper welcoming students back for a new semester. And one Friday, every month, we have a faculty meeting where we discuss upcoming news within the School of Human Sciences. These reoccurring behaviors help to establish and identify the culture within the organization. Finally, the third type of symbol is verbal symbols. Verbal symbols include jokes, jargon, or stories that revolve around the organization. Within any type of organization, jokes and stories are going to be expressed through verbal communication. Furthermore, faculty calling each other by their first names when students are not around can be seen as a verbal symbol. As a graduate student, I catch my instructors calling other faculty members by their first names and then correcting themselves when they realize they are speaking to a student. By listening to stories, joke, or understanding the jargon, one can better understand the culture of the organization. Everyone within an organization is connected. A variety of members make up an organization, and each member contributes something unique to the culture of the organization. We find connections to the organization through shared ideas, rituals, and symbols. Through physical, behavioral, and verbal symbols, one can feel connection with the organization they are a part of. One way this particular theory does not coincide with my career, is that not everyone participates or actively uses all of the things that make up an organizational culture. In any organization or work environment, there are going to be those employees who choose not to participate. Even when they are required to immerse themselves within the organizational culture, resistance can still be seen. However, overall the theory was very applicable to my situation, and will be applicable to any organizational situation I encounter in the future. Structuration Theory Groups and organizations engage in certain behaviors in order to achieve their goals. Within an organization, structure is a necessity. Structure can include the rules and resources used to sustain the organization. Through structuration, organizations transform socially because of the rules and resources that dictate relationships. Rules and resources guide behaviors and decisions within an organization. Rules consists of guidelines for how a goal can be accomplished. Resources refer to the power that all individuals within the organization bring to the group. Therefore, structuration allows for members of an organization to better understand the social structure of their organization. Power structures are evident in any organizational setting and aid in guiding the decision making process. Power enables members of an organization to achieve goals. Every member within an organization has some form of power; superiors, subordinates, etc. Power allows for members of an organization to get what they want within the system. For an individual, power is an authoritative resource that helps the organization to function properly. In regards to this theory, there are five different types of power that an individual can exemplify; reward, coercive, referent, legitimate, and expert. Reward power refers the perception that another person within the organization has the ability to provide positive reinforcement. With reward power, the rewards can consist of praise or material rewards. As a student, I deal with reward power on a pretty frequent basis. My instructors are able to reward me for exceptional work by providing words of praise or encouragement. Additionally, as a student, there are ample opportunities for honors, awards and distinguishments. So at the same time, the university itself holds reward power too. Not to mention the greatest material reward a student can receive, a college degree. Because I know that my professors hold a majority of the reward power, I try my hardest to produce exceptional work. By producing that exceptional and receiving verbal rewards from professors, it provides a sense of incentive to seek out higher rewards, such as the material rewards previously mentioned. Coercive power refers to the perception that someone within the organization has the ability to provide punishment. Coercive power makes others feel as though they must comply with the requests of their superiors in order to avoid negative consequences. As a student, the same people who provide me with reward power can also provide me with coercive power, my professors. However, I do not do my work solely to avoid ridicule or punishment, I complete my work in order to maintain my credibility. If I were to not give all of my effort on assignments, did not respect my professors, and did not produce quality work, my credibility with my professors would decrease. Referent power refers to establishing a relationship between a superior in an organization and a member who has less power than them. A person who holds referent power is typically a friendly, well liked, well respected individual who may even serve as a role model for others within the organization. Again, I believe my professors have often exposed me to referent power. Sometimes it is very easy for me to form a meaningful relationship not only with my advisor, but also instructors within the department that I respect. I respect them so much mostly due to their personality and the way they choose to interact with me as a student. Though I know my professors are above me academically and within the work environment, they still treat me as an individual and pursue general interest in my goals and aspirations. Legitimate power refers to exerting power due to a particular position or title. In the academic community, there are many individuals who exert influence on others based on their titles. For example, I comply with the wishes of my major professor. Her position as my advisor allows her to influence and help structure the direction of my goals by providing her input and expertise when needed. Furthermore, my major professor has someone who exerts legitimate power on her as well. The director of our department within the School of Human Sciences holds legitimate power over all instructors within the department. By holding the power as being the director of the department, he has the right and the ability to exert influence over the department as a whole. Expert power refers to a person having a specific set of knowledge or expertise. Those with expert power are very valuable for any type of group or organization. Expert power allows those individuals to assist in decisions making processes and as a source knowledge when consulted. Yet again, my professors hold a sincere amount of expert power. All of my professors have completed a bachelor’s degree, a master’s degree, and most have completed their PhD. Therefore, my professors are experts in their fields. It is such a benefit for an organization, more specifically outside of academia, to have employees that exhibit expert power. As a graduate assistant, I even experience possessing all five of these powers at some point. As an instructor in classes, I use reward and coercive power by being the person who is in charge of my students’ grades. Hopefully, through the reward and coercive power used, my students respect me and my assignments, knowing that I hold the power within the classroom. Additionally, I hope I possess some form of referent power with my students and my colleagues. I hope to establish a working relationship with those that I work with and encounter an on everyday basis. I possess legitimate power because of my title as a graduate assistant. That title provides me with the opportunities to serve as an instructor for certain classes, conduct research for myself and for others, and deciphers me from undergraduate students. Finally, I exert expert power because of my degree titles. I have already completed a bachelor’s degree in which gives me an extensive amount of knowledge in the field of agriculture. Currently, I am pursuing a master’s degree which will further enhance my expertise within the field. Social Penetration Theory Social penetration refers to a process of relationship bonding where individuals move from superficial communication to more intimate communication. Social penetration relates to more than just physical intimacy, it also incorporates intellectual and emotional intimacy. Social penetration suggests that relationships progress in a systematic way, are predictable, and dependent on our verbal, nonverbal, and environmentally oriented behaviors. All relationships form and follow a particular trajectory in which there are four stages. The four stages of the social penetration process include orientation, exploratory affective exchange, affective exchange, and stable exchange. The orientation stage begins by revealing small, ordinary facts about ourselves to others. This past January I moved from an office across campus where I was by myself, into an office which I would share with two other students. For my situation as a graduate assistant sharing an office with two other graduate assistants, the orientation stage was very important. At this stage, we divulged enough information for others to begin to find common ground with us, but not enough to be able to judge us. Though the information we tend to express in this stage is simple, and sometimes superficial, it is a necessity for any type of relationship to form. The exploratory affective exchange stage occurs when we begin to share aspects of our individual personality with others. Self-disclosure becomes a crucial part of this stage because it helps to transform superficial relationships into more intimate ones by revealing information about yourself. After a few weeks in the new office situation, I began to realize that I was learning more and more about my office mates. Without even realizing it, we would end up in short conversations about things unrelated to classes or work, which helped to better grasp each other’s personalities. The affective exchange stage is where the closeness of the friendship begins to blossom. At this stage, nonverbal communication can sometimes substitute for verbal communication. For instance, I can come into the office not say anything, but smile, and my office mates can substitute that as a â€Å"good morning†. Also, during this stage we begin to form our own jargon and inside jokes. For example, after about three months of sharing an office, we had inside jokes, we shared funny videos and pictures, and we also listened to music together. We share information about our families, significant others, and ask for advice on any problems we may be having. Through this stage we were not only able to form a more intimate friendship with one another, we were also able to create an office environment that was comfortable for everyone. The final stage is the stable exchange stage. At this stage, the relationship is more spontaneous than before. Communication and behavior are a lot more predictable, and those involved know a lot more about each other and how they react. After reaching this stage, I can say my office mates are more than just people I share a room with Monday through Friday, they are my friends. We know when to talk, when to not talk. We can tell when someone might need a pick me up. And we are not afraid to be ourselves. By working through the stages of the social penetration process, we were able to divulge information about ourselves at a progressive speed and form relationships with one another. The only way to understand other people is to engage in personal conversations with them and by sharing personal bits of information about yourself. Each personality will influence the direction a relationship will take. Though initial conversations may seem unimportant, they allow individuals to understand each other and provide early relational development. Through the social penetration process individuals achieve a way to balance their needs while also forming a relationship with another person. Overall, this theory was very applicable to my current situation. I have seen first-hand how relationships develop, and I agree that they are a linear process. I also agree that there a certain steps, or stages, one must go through when developing a relationship with another person. There is give and take with all individuals associated with a relationship, and relationships take time to develop. I will forever keep this theory in the back of my mind as I embark on my professional career where creating, developing, and maintaining relationships is so important. Groupthink Groups are sets of individuals whose goal is to work toward completing a task or solving a problem. Groups need a solid foundation and need to be able to remain unaffected by all other influences. In order for the members of a group to work together effectively, the group needs a certain level of cohesiveness, or culture, within the group. Group cohesion encourages greater satisfaction within the group, the group members are more enthusiastic, and the group experience is overall positive. As a student, I am required to work in groups on a pretty regular basis. For example, I am an ambassador for the Graduate Student Association on campus. As an ambassador I am required to attend planning meetings, assist when we host events, and serve as a liaison between the GSA and certain departments on campus. As a task oriented group, every group member has a specific job assigned to them, and when everyone does their job, our overall goal is more easily accomplished. Groupthink is a way of group negotiation that reduces conflict and emphasizes the need for unison. When working within a group, sometimes it is easy to have tunnel vision on the end result. We can succumb to pressures of needing to keep the group harmonious and not really address the problem that we need to solve. The need to form a homogeneous group often distracts away from the true purpose of the group. Furthermore, rather than face rejection, some members will even withhold their input if it differs from others’ within the group. The initial group meeting for any group is where groupthink is going to be most visible. Certain people choose not to speak up if their opinion slightly differs, some people do not want to offer up new ideas, and everyone looks to the group leader for direction. As meetings become more frequent and the group members get to know each other, I believe those barriers break down and people feel more open to express their opinions. On the other hand, there will always be group members who are never afraid to voice their opinions. It is easy for those people to have influence over the less vocal members in the group, so it is important to keep a happy balance. The only problem with this theory, as it relates to the group I am a part of, is that the theory seems to focus more on decision making groups. Though the GSA committee makes decisions that affect the graduate student body as a whole, it is not our primary role. This particular group, as originally stated, is more task oriented. Regardless, overcoming groupthink is a reoccurring challenge when working within a group. One of the ways we have actively addressed groupthink within the GSA committee is by allowing members to voice their doubts. We have created a very neutral environment where everyone feels comfortable expressing their thoughts, even if they differ from the majority of the group. When we cannot make a unanimous decision on an issue or task, we completely discuss both sides. Without interruption, without judgement, and without ridicule, we as group work together to find the solution that will be best for the group as a whole. References West, R., Turner, L. (2010). Groupthink. In Introducing communication theory: Analysis and application (5th Ed.). Boston: McGraw-Hill. West, R., Turner, L. (2010). Organizational Culture. In Introducing communication theory: Analysis and application (5th ed.). Boston: McGraw-Hill. West, R., Turner, L. (2010). Social Penetration Theory. In Introducing communication theory: Analysis and application (5th ed.). Boston: McGraw-Hill. West, R., Turner, L. (2010). Structuration Theory. In Introducing communication theory: Analysis and application (5th ed.). Boston: McGraw-Hill.